This list isn't comprehensive. I focused on the most recent court rulings rather than the most important of the year. Since keep_track is more focused on the Trump administration's actions than on state laws, I'd suggest also checking out /savethevote, where I try to post voting rights articles that don't fit here.
Before we start, one of the key legal issues at hand is called the "Purcell principle," a legal doctrine based on a 2006 Supreme Court case, Purcell v. Gonzalez, that warns courts against making changes to voting rules and procedures close to an election. But with so many more voters casting their ballots early this year because of the pandemic, courts are grappling with how to balance the Purcell principle with making sure the right to vote is protected.

Losses for voting rights

South Carolina: The Supreme Court on Monday reinstated the witness requirement for South Carolina mail ballots after lower courts ruled that having the requirement created risk during the pandemic. As usual for a shadow docket case, it didn’t explain its decision.

Ballots received within two days of the order will be accepted without a witness signature. Three conservative justices - Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Neil Gorsuch - would have allowed South Carolina to apply the witness signature rule retroactively, nullifying tens of thousands of ballots already cast. Furthermore, South Carolina has no ballot “cure” procedure: Voters aren’t notified when their ballots are tossed, and they don’t get an opportunity to fix any defects.

Wisconsin: A three-judge panel of the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals split 2-1 in favor of staying a lower court’s order, which would have allowed for ballots postmarked by Election Day to be received by Nov. 9, six days later, in order to be counted. The stay also suspended an order extending the deadline for online and mailed-in voter registration from Oct. 14 to Oct. 21, and it stopped potential electronic delivery of certain ballots.

Judge Frank Easterbrook (Reagan appointee) and Amy St. Eve (Trump appointee) were in the majority. Judge Ilana Rovner (George H. W. Bush appointee) dissented, writing that “no citizen should have to choose between her health and her right to vote.”

Texas The Texas Supreme Court ruled Wednesday that Harris County, one of the largest in the country, cannot mail out applications for absentee ballots to all of its 2.4 million registered voters. The court is completely staffed with Republican appointees. The state sued County Clerk Chris Hollins in August. Both the state district judge and panel of three state appellate judges (all Democrats) ruled in favor of Hollins.
Georgia: A three-judge panel of the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decided 2-1 to grant a stay of a judge’s ruling to count ballots postmarked by Nov. 3 and received at county election offices by the following Friday. Under the new order, ballots must be received by 7pm on Election Day, no matter the postmark.

Trump Trump appointees were in the majority: Judge Britt Grant and Barbara Lagoa. Judge Charles Wilson (Clinton appointee) dissented, writing that the lower court’s order allowing ballots to be received for a couple extra days was “reasonable: It imposes a small burden on the state in order to avoid a more substantial burden on an individual’s right to vote.”

Indiana: A three-judge panel of the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a lower court ruling that the state’s restrictions on allowing mail-in voting are constitutional. A coalition of voting rights groups and concerned voters has sued to extend the no-excuse mail-in balloting that Indiana allowed for the spring primary to the general election.

“The court recognizes the difficulties that might accompany in-person voting during this time,” the ruling said. “But Indiana’s absentee-voting laws are not to blame. It’s the pandemic, not the State, that might affect Plaintiffs’ determination to cast a ballot.”

A Trump appointee, Michael Scudder, and two Reagan appointees - Kenneth Ripple and Michael Kanne - were unanimous in their ruling.

Wins for voting rights

Pennsylvania: Judge Gary Glazer (Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas) rejected a bid by Trump’s campaign to force Philadelphia to allow campaign representatives to monitor people registering to vote or filling out mail-in ballots in election offices in Philadelphia. Trump sent unautohrized poll watchers to the city’s satellite election offices but they were barred by city election officials.

Trump and his supporters spread false claims that the city workers are biased against Trump and trying to steal the election.

EDIT: Pennsylvania: New this morning, Trump-appointed District Court Judge Nicholas Ranjan has dismissed a Trump campaign lawsuit challenging drop boxes for mail voting in Pennsylvania. Ranjan says Trump presented no credible evidence of voter fraud. Ruling.
Ohio: U.S. District Judge Dan Polster (Clinton appointee) blocked Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose's order prohibiting off-site drop boxes for absentee ballots. LaRose tried to limit ballot drop boxes to one location per county: a county's election office. A three-judge panel of the 10th Circuit had previously ruled that county elections officials are allowed to establish off-site drop boxes but LaRose did not comply.

"The Secretary is continuing to restrict boards from implementing off-site collection, and he appears to be doing so in an arbitrary manner," Polster wrote. "The Court has given the Secretary every opportunity to address the problem ... and he has been unwilling or unable to do so."

Montana: Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan on Thursday denied a request from Republicans to block Montana Gov. Steve Bullock's directive last month allowing counties to send mail-in ballots to all registered voters amidst the coronavirus pandemic. Kagan, who has jurisdiction over the lower court involved in the case, turned down the request without referring the petition to her colleagues or asking the other side for its views.
Michigan: Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer signed into law a bill that gives clerks in larger cities of the battleground state an extra 10 hours to open and sort, but not count, absentee ballots in a move to speed the Election Day counting process on Nov. 3.
Iowa: State Judge Robert Hanson (elected) blocked Iowa’s secretary of state Monday from enforcing an order that barred counties from sending absentee ballot applications to voters with their personal information already filled in. Republican groups, including the RNC and Trump’s campaign, have appealed the decision to the Iowa Supreme Court.
Arizona: U.S. District Judge Steven Logan (Obama appointee) on Monday granted a last-minute extension of the deadline for Arizona residents to register to vote - moving the deadline to 5 p.m. on Oct. 23.
Texas: The Texas Supreme Court declined a case by the Republican Party of Texas to reverse a proclamation by Gov. Greg Abbott that extended the early voting period. Gov. Abbott issued the proclamation in July to extend the early voting period six days from Oct. 13-30 due to COVID-19.
Texas: U.S. District Judge Robert Pitman (Obama appointee) granted an injunction barring enforcement of Gov. Greg Abbott’s Oct. 1 proclamation that limited counties to one mail-in ballot drop-off location. Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton, whose office defended Abbott’s order, has already appealed the decision to the 5th Circuit.
EDIT: A three-judge panel of the 5th Circuit has temporarily blocked Pitman's ruling from taking effect, thus meaning that Abbott's order is still in place. All three judges were appointed by Trump: Willet, Ho, and Duncan.
New Jersey: District Judge Michael Shipp (Obama appointee) ruled against the Trump campaign’s attempt to stop the state from allowing election officials to process ballots received by mail 10 days before Election Day and those received two days after Election Day even if those ballots don't have a postmark.

Keep an eye on…

USPS: The U.S. Postal Service is blocking members of Congress from inspecting postal facilities, citing the Hatch Act and the proximity to the election. Three Democrats — Reps. Jared Huffman (Calif.), Debbie Wasserman Schultz (Fla.) and Bill Pascrell Jr. (N.J.) — have been denied access to postal buildings in their home states in the past six weeks.
USPS: Sen. Peters released an update on USPS performance. The report shows that while on-time mail delivery improved following Congressional oversight efforts at the end of the summer, delivery performance has fluctuated in recent weeks, and declined overall during the month of September.
Intimidation: A private security company is recruiting former U.S. military Special Operations personnel to guard polling sites in Minnesota on Election Day, an effort the chairman of the company said is intended to prevent left-wing activists from disrupting the election but that the state attorney general warned would amount to voter intimidation and violate the law.

If you or someone else is being harassed or threatened at the polls, let a poll worker know. Then call and report it to the Election Protection Hotline (1-866-OUR-VOTE) or the US Department of Justice voting rights hotline (1-800-253-3931). You should also contact your state board of elections.
Georgetown Law created fact sheets for all 50 states explaining the laws barring unauthorized private militia groups and what to do if groups of armed individuals are near a polling place or voter registration drive.
Here are the laws regarding poll watchers in general in each state.

Volunteer! Information on volunteering at the polls (not as a watcher, but as an election worker). Another option for info.
Justice Department: A Justice Department lawyer in Washington said in a memo to prosecutors on Friday that they could investigate suspicions of election fraud before votes are tabulated. That reversed a decades-long policy that largely forbade aggressively conducting such inquiries during campaigns to keep their existence from becoming public and possibly “chilling legitimate voting and campaign activities” or “interjecting the investigation itself as an issue” for voters.

The exception allows investigators to take overt investigative steps, like questioning witnesses, that were previously off limits in such inquiries until after election results were certified. The move also allows prosecutors to make more of a spectacle of election fraud in the weeks before the vote on Nov. 3.

Kansas: Kansas Senate President Susan Wagle told a conservative group that Republicans need to win two-thirds majorities in both houses of the Kansas Legislature this year so her party can rig the redistricting process to elect and protect Republican candidates.

“During redistricting, I need to give (my potential successor) some more Republican neighborhoods in order to make sure she stays elected,” Wagle said. “I guarantee you, we can draw four Republican congressional maps,” Wagle said. “But we can’t do it unless we have a two-thirds majority in the (state) Senate and the House.”

Hombrew I've Played: Subclasses Edition, Part 2(Paladin to Wizard) - An extensive list of over a hundred subclasses I've playtested, what I still allow, and a brief summary of each and my experience with it.

For Homebrew Classes, See This Post.
For Homebrew Subclasses (Part 1), See This Post with Barbarian to Monk.
So I was supposed to post this uh... 16 days ago, so I'll tell you what, you get a 16% discount off what you paid for it. That's right, 16% of $0 so I don't want to hear any complaints.
For my methodology and defense of Homebrew and why I use it, feel free to read the opening of my original posts ) where I go to greater length on the subject... don't had the word count to spare every post. Suffice to say that my experience is that the main problem that faces Homebrew is that it can be exceedingly difficult to sort through the vast selection and find stuff you might actually want to use. My groups and I have playtested hundreds of hours of the content out there, so I'm just trying to share that time and effort with you.
The purpose of this list is to give a brief outline of each thing I've playtested, and give people some guidance if they want to look further into it. I'm not telling you what to allow, just what might be worth taking a look at if it strikes your fancy. I can give a more in-depth thought on anything on the list, just feel free to ask, though I may get overwhelmed with those sort of requests in my limited reddit time and slow typing.

Balance Criteria

Note: What I think is balanced is not guaranteed to be what you think is balanced. Here is the main considerations I have (in order of importance to me):

Does not overshadow the rest of the party.
Does not trivialize common encounters.
Does not significantly make me redesign encounters around its unique abilities.
Cannot do more damage than optimized PHB builds.
Is not directly better than an existing option (I will waive this in some cases where the existing option is rarely played).
It's not uselessly weak. Balance is a two sided scale, and though overpowered is a more common problem, underpowered is a bad time for the player.

Rules for inclusion:

It has to be free. This list is saying that I'm comfortable saying it's worth your time to look at, not that it's a perfect fit for you game.
I have to actually have playtested it. This is "Homebrew I've Played" not "Homebrew I've Read and Had a Strong Opinion On". For that to happen, a player had to pick it from my list of stuff I'm offering or bring it to me and ask if they can play it (the later more often than the former these days). I will only add things to a list that are not obviously broken, and players will only pick things that look interesting, unique, fun, or fit a character idea they have. These are limitations of this just being something we do for fun.
In general, I'm not including duplicates, just the one I liked the best, if there's multiples of the same thing. You are busy people, and the point is to reduce the overall list of things to sort through.
I don't review or allow joke and memes options. I'm sorry, but I'm old grouch who doesn't know how to have fun.

Additionally, I weigh overhead against new options - I am fairly tolerant of complicated mechanics or options, but I dislike things that force saves every turn, or allow for excessive rerolling of dice, or introduce floating modifiers. These are all things that unnecessarily slow down combat, and require extra justification for their presence (which is possible, just that the bar is higher).

Paladin

Subclass	Creator	Description	Playtest Feedback	I Allow	Notes
Oath of Avarice ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	A Paladin that believes bling is justice.	Balanced. It is actually pretty solid, and one of my favorite things from COFSA.	✔	I like alternative Paladin Oaths that are unique, and it's unique, and actually pretty balanced. It also does a much better job of having an adaptably flavor that is not tied to lore or strange mechanics. All around solid.
Oath of Anaracy ^{^POP}	BunnygeonMaster	A Paladin the believes freedom of movement is a right.	Balanced. It mostly just gives a lot of tools for moving about.	✔	Limitless power has a line that might break your game about ignoring creature's immunity, so you may want to play your BBEG accordingly or tweak that feature, but that's 20th level.
Oath of the Grim Hunt	SethBlackwood	A Paladin with a Warlock's amount of edge.	Somewhat too much. d12 smites with rerolls, even as your channel divinity, is a lot in practice; we are talking a first level slot for 3d12 with rerolls vs. a Fiend or something.	X	I think this is probably the Paladin where I started adopting the principle to stop playtesting Paladins that have a feature that reads, essentially, "Smite harder", as that is really the last thing Paladins need in life even if it is what they end to want.
Oath of the Midnight Hour	the_singular_anyone(walrock)	A Paladin that stalks the night and shanks their foes.	Mostly balanced. I find Shadowblade to be a bit much early on, especially due to it's fairly high chance to interact with criticals.	✔	I allow it because I want a Paladin that is like this, but I would like it better if Shadowblade wasn't as strong (or was at least harder to use). I may nerf that feature if someone wanted to play it in a campaign again.
Oath of Power ^{^POP}	BunnygeonMaster	A Paladin that is a superhero.	It is a little too meme-like for me, but mechanically balanced.	X	I should have been more suspecious of anything that has an anime quote, but I didn't recognize such things on first pass. Your mileage will vary based on the tone of your game.
Oath of Sanity	KibblesTasty	A blantantly misnamed Oath for making an insane Paladin.	Balanced, if perhaps on the somewhat more specific/undertuned side.	✔	This oath bats way over par in making characters that very entertaining. It's like if a Call of Cthulu investigator found their way into D&D but still had their old insticts that everything was going to kill them.
Oath of Zeal	CaelReader	A Paladin that thinks Vengeance Paladins are soft on heretics.	Giving Paladins more smite can be a little over the top.	X	I'm not sure giving up 10 points of lay on hands is overpowered, but it did feel imbalanced (as in just not in balance), in that it turned the Paladin into a very one note thing (more smites, all the time, which I believe is the intention of it). I also think Stern Gaze should probably just be intimidation, as it makes little sense for Persuasion checks.

Ranger*

Subclass	Creator	Description	Playtest Feedback	I Allow	Notes
Beast Master (Revised)	KibblesTasty	Be more than just a graveyard manager for your menagrie of dead pets. A functional beastmaster.	Balanced. A good balance between "your pet cannot attack" and "you have two actions"	✔	WotC has struggled a lot with pet classes, but I find it a good balance. Your pet can occasionally attack and frequently help you out.
Dragon Apprentice Ranger	TheArenaGuy	For when being raised by wolves just doesn't cut it. A ranger themed around emulating a dragon.	Balanced, generally fits the Ranger template well, even if that template is kicking you right in the bonus actions.	✔	Some players are disappointed they don't get a dragon till 15th level. I don't use the cosmic dragons, so cannot speak to anything related to them here, but the rest should be fine.
Shooting Star ^{^ATLAS}	aeyana	A Ranger that shoots for the stars (cosmic ranger).	Balanced. It's fine, and generally obeys the Ranger rule that your bonus action will be a cluterfuck.	✔	I find their resource system (motes) sort of a pain in the ass and they generally have too much of it, but it's mostly fine.
Witch Hunter ^{^YAG}	Yorviing	A Ranger that hunters Witches... and potentially other spell casters too.	More or less balanced, but somewhat too specialized. If there aren't Witches to hunt, their feature pool is a little shallow.	✔	It's generally okay, though I may warn against it for a new player that may overestimate how many spell casting enemies they will fight (and I tend to run more than usual).
Witchguard	RSquared	A Ranger that fights off the Witch Hunters (above)... Bond with a spell caster and protect them.	It is overpowered in a way, but I still allow it. It really comes down to how worried you are about a Ranger being somewhat too good at being a team player.	✔	It is overpowered in the sense that it is too strong when compared to what a Ranger subclass should be, but I don't find that it does it in a way that causes issues in my game. Your mileage may vary. Sort of requires buy in from another player, so a little unusual that way.

Rogue

Subclass	Creator	Description	Playtest Feedback	I Allow	Notes
Acrobat	Mage Hand Press	Tumble and leap your way to victory.	As written, Parting Toss makes no sense. If it is balanced depends on how you modify that feature.	✔	RAW, Parting Toss does nothing. If you read it to mean it's a free action, it's busted. I replaced that feature entirely.
Assassin(Revised)	KibblesTasty	Gives assassin new ways of dealing death.	Balanced. The original assassin does one thing very well, this does a few things pretty well.	✔	Some will miss the old Assassinate, but it rarely played nice with a party, and we could go weeks without getting a single use of it, while this has a good mix of solo assassination and party play.
The Brotherhood	Mage Hand Press	Assassin's creed rogue.	Partially balanced. Death From Above has a reasonable drawback until 13th level, and there it costs your reaction, so isn't too bad.	✔	Goes from near useless to very strong depending on how much vertical space is on your battlemaps.
Divine Agent	KibblesTasty	The black ops wing of any organized ~~crime~~ religion.	Balanced, perhaps a little undertuned due to how late rogue subclass features come in.	✔	A Divine Rogue that isn't a 1/3 caster, but has limited casting from their features. Would prefer a little early casting.
Ruffian	Jaekbad	A Rogue that fights ~~dirty~~ dirter than usual.	Balanced. The general idea is well implemented and works well, none of the features are crazy.	✔	The rare pleasent example of something on the /UA curated list that belongs there. Quite like the idea and its a unique take on a Rogue subclass while still being archetypically a rogue. Should be noted it doesn't specialize in strength (though can technically use it) despite the name.
Surgeon	KibblesTasty	A walking revoked medical license.	Balanced. It provides a good balance of support and rogue template features.	✔	I run the Intelligence variant, as I prefer my surgeons to be smart rather than cunning.
Shinobi	Mage Hand Press	The ninja rogue everyone wants to be.	Balanced, their ki is pretty limited and does reasonable things for the most part.	✔	I make Kaginawa part of Cunning Action rather than a free action; your mileage will vary based on how vertical your maps tend to be.
Spidertouched ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	A Spider themed rogue that shoots webs and poisons things.	Balanced, if a little strong in the hands of a clever player, particularly when combined with CBE.	✔	There is a semi common synergy between nets and CBE, and this sort of amplifies that. In fact, it makes nets incredibly strong in general. It also scales extremely well with haste. They are limited in their special net requiring a bonus action (which conflicts with CBE), which is sort of its saving grace.

Sorcerer*

Subclass	Creator	Description	Playtest Feedback	I Allow	Notes
Ashen Lineage ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	The kid of an Ashen Wolf Warlock.	Balanced, more or less. The first level feature is mostly useless - produce flame mostly a worse firebolt, the claws are niche.	✔	It's okay, but some players were a little frustrated that it doesn't quite seem to do what it wants to do. It is hard to effectively actually use the Born of Ember feature, as Sorcerers are not natural gishes, and if you multiclass, you'd probably to actually attack for scaling reasons... it's like the Ashen Wolf Warlock, but lacks the invocations to make it actually work.
Aether Heart	KibblesTasty	A Sorcerer's whose true power is that of their heart. Because it's a magical power source.	Balanced, if slightly undertuned at lower levels.	✔	It is sort of metamagic specialist, which I think is a good niche for a Sorcerer subclass, but doesn't quite go far enough and I already give extra metamagic.
Deathtouched ^{^DarkArts}	Jonoman3000	A Sorcerer that gets the power from a connection with death	Balanced, generally powerful if dim light is commonly available, but may suffer a bit if your party likes it light sources.	✔	It doesn't have a bonus spell list, so I give it one, which sort of conflicts with the 6th level feature as there's just not that many necromany spells to go around, but it works out.
Imperial Birthright	IrishBandit	A Sorcerer with the bluest of blood that commands things.	Mostly balanced. The 18th level feature is a little much relative to other Sorcerer 18th level features.	✔	I still allow it for specail cases, but have mostly retired it to just use Noble Warlord as that's usually a better for what my players are looking for, but they are different concepts.
Nymph Bloodline	Mage Hand Press	An alluring Sorcerer that specializes in charming.	Not even vaguely balanced. Not suitable for most games.	X	Almost every feature is ill advised, but bypassing immunity to charm and bypassing legendary resistance and removing the drawbacks of charm magic is a combination that is guarenteed to a derail any game. Do not recommend.
Pheonix Spark(Revised) ^{^{ElementalOrigins}}	KibblesTasty	A revision of the pheonix Sorcerer, a Sorcerer all about bursting into flames.	Mostly balanced, and pretty good at feeling like the theme.	✔	When I playtested it the cap on restored hit points wasn't there and it was a bit much, but I see it's been updated. I used the UA version up until switching to this reversion recently, as pheonix sorcerers are popular in my groups (all of those UA elemental sorcerers are)
Seasonal	TheArenaGuy	If 5e Eladrin was a Sorcerer subclass.	Balanced, if perhaps somewhat undertuned overall.	X	It's first level feature is to give you spells, which is cool, but I already give that to all Sorcerers, so it doesn't offer them enough. Conflict of Homebrew. Summer and Spring are also almost always better than Autumn or Winter.
Sea Soul (Revised) ^{^{ElementalOrigins}}	KibblesTasty	A revision of the Sea Sorcerer from UA.	Balanced, though a I felt it was a bit finicky at times.	✔	I have always struggled with the theme of this one as I feel its a little too close to Storm (both in the UA and this revision) but people want to play it, so I allow it. It's fine... this is a little more polished and balanced than the UA version was, but I allowed that one previously.
Stoneheart (Revised) ^{^{ElementalOrigins}}	KibblesTasty	Kibbles' version of Stone Sorcerer, a more gish like Sorcerer.	Balanced. It does not make the Sorcerer suddenly a tank, but gives them an interesting playstyle	✔	I like this one a good bit more than the UA version, it's power set is a little more grounded and coherent, while still making the Sorcerer a more viable gish-like thing. Has been quite popular. I did eventually drop the UA Stone Sorcerer awhile ago, so this was a good replacement.

Warlock

Subclass	Creator	Description	Playtest Feedback	I Allow	Notes
The Acursed Archive ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	The world's evilest librarians.	I had a big issue their ability to essentially planeshift 10 people into the library as an action.	X	I don't know if I would call it broken, but your mileage will vary. Read tainted knowledge carefully and decide how comfortable you are with that feature being abused. It's in some ways a better time stop at level 1. You and whole whole party can precast any non concentration spells you want (fire shield, mirror image, sanctuary, there's actually quite a few and trust me munchkins will find them)... and there is little hundreds more little things (non-healing potions, etc).
The Ashen Wolf ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	Warlock who made a pact with fire doggo.	It's not really stronger than hexblade most of the time. Feels pretty geared toward Pact of the Blade though, and very invocation hungry.	✔	The 14th level feature isn't really balanced, but is also one of the few class features I've seen kill its player (and this happened in fact twice) due to the exhaustion backlash. I generally don't like features that give players more power in exchange for killing themselves. Depending on how you rule exhaustion and death, there are additional problems (if death removes all exhaustion, that can be exploited, if it doesn't, this subclass can permanently kill you).
The Archlich ^{^DarkArts}	Jonoman3000	A Warlock that made a deal with an Archlich.	Somewhat subpar. The 1st level feature requires concentration, which will generally always be a deal breaker for a Warlock as they are so dependent on concentration.	X	The 6th level feature depends on the 1st level feature, which requires concentration, meaning if you use any Warlock spell like Hex or Darkness, you essentially have no subclass features until 10.
The Archmage	Mage Hand Press	An apprentice that's taken a massive short cut to the whole being a Wizard thing.	Balanced, perhaps somewhat undertuned.	✔	Arcane Storage is better at some levels than others, but Ubreakable Spell and Spell Resistance are quite good.
The Blackthorn Grove ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	A warlock with an evil plant for a heart.	Balanced? It's fine... the 1st level feature is niche, and the 6th level feature is strangely only really applicable to Pact of the Blade.	✔	The 6th level feature only really making sense for Pact of the Blade is sort of a problem, as generally speaking other Warlocks don't really want to hold a ranged weapon all the time (the only option that'd make sense for them to use that feature with).
The Blind Justicar ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	A Warlock that made a deal with a Warrior Saint to become a Paladin.	I don't know what the math on the 1st level feature was supposed to be, but in my experience it doesn't really work out.	X	The first level feature lets you replace 2d20 with 3d12 drop the lowest, but best I can tell this makes you virtually always hit (or save, but you rarely have advantage on saves, while you usually have advantage on attacks). I'm not a deep math guy, so perhaps it was just absurd luck on the playtest, but 3d12 drop 1 does not seem like a reasonable way to roll attacks in my testing against fairly standard ACs (14-18).
The Currency Conspiracy ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	A typical merchant.	Balanced, but more focused on social pillar and exploitation than combat.	✔	It's not necessarily suitable for all games, and depending on your intrepretation of the lore may be exclusively evil due to it's habit turning parts of people's souls into cash-money and all of its class features depending on doing so.
The Divine Beast	TheArenaGuy	Pact of the Beast Master	More or less balanced. Due to the ability to resummon it with a pact slot, it tended to be an unlimited pool of hit points; there is a limiter based on time, but I never saw that really matter. You can fix this just by not attacking it, but your mileage will vary based on how run monster intelligence.	X	It is to Pact of the Chain what Hexblade is Pact of the Blade in a way that it's a subclass clearly designed for one Pact to fix that play style, and is just a little weird for other Pacts.
The Dreamer	Mage Hand Press	A Warlock for manipulating sleep and dreams.	Has issues. Doubling the power of sleep at level 1 is truly broken. Sleep is a spell that has to fall off due to how powerful it can be.	X	Their School of Sonomancy Wizard does the same thing, and isn't on the list as I passed on it after trying this one. Doubling sleep's hit points at level 1-3 is ridiculous and will auto end most low level fights.
The Gelantinous Convocation ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	Befriend cheerful slimes.	Balanced, though somewhat geared less toward combat.	✔	Their first level feature can make a murder mystery really boring, so read it before it allow it and decide if it'll work for the sort of game you run (allows you to eat a corpse and know what it knew once a day)
The Knowledge Keeper	KibblesTasty	A Warlock the knows everything there is to know.	Your mileage may vary. Trades combat effectiveness for extreme utility.	✔	This one is very open ended, and I'm not sure I'd recommend it to anyone beside a veteran player. It's extremely flexible, but kept largely in check by Warlocks very limited slots.
The Lady of the Lake	Xenoezen	A Warlock that got their power from some aquatic ceremony with a watery tart.	Mostly Balanced. It's generally balanced on its own.	✔	It is generally more balanced than Hexblade when it comes to Paladin multiclassing with it, though with less thematic dissonance. But if you don't allow Hexblade, don't allow this.
The Nebula ^{^ATLAS}	aeyana	A very sparkly Warlock.	Shimmering Cloud has an strange interaction with Armor of Agathys that is somewhere between nonfunctional and problematic.	X	You may read Armor of Agathys differnetly than I do and not count attacks that hit the Shimmer Cloud as proc'ing its damage, in which case you might be fine, but this is a lot if you don't (imagine a 3rd level AoA; each hit deals 15 to the attacker, but they have to deal 30 damage to break the shield, taking 15 damage each time they hit you); note them hitting the cloud procing AoA is probably not RAW though how I've always run abilities like that, so your mileage may vary.
The Saint	Yorviing	A Warlock blessed by a saint-like figure.	Balanced. It's fine, though depends on how you do short rests you may be wary of Prayer of Healing on the Warlock list.	✔	The PDF is not the easiest thing to read, though that might just be an issue on my side due its non-standard formatting.
The Tempest	KibblesTasty	A Warlock that builds a storm around them.	Balanced, though deals substantial mini-area of effect damage, making it highly effective sometimes.	✔	I like how the storm building mechanic extends the Warlocks effective power by making something out of it's limited uses of Pact Magic and giving it a bit more utility.
The Wild Hunt ^{^COFSA}	GenuineBelieverer	The Warlock who made a pact with the bad guys from the Witcher	Not balanced. Like many COFSA Warlocks it really depends on how you build it, but it gives a combination of things that can be really annoying to deal with, though seems pretty focused on Pact of the Blade.	X	Slayer's Armory is a little crazy as it makes Hunter's Mark add 2d6 damage, which when combined with a high hit-high attack build (like CBE) deals fairly ridiculous damage, and with Find Steed you can manipulate the hell out of range making them very difficult to deal with. Slayer's Armory technically does not scale with magic weapons, but that's not a great solution.

Wizard

Subclass	Creator	Description	Playtest Feedback	I Allow	Notes
Generalist ^{^YAG}	Yorviing	A Wizard that majored in GEs at Wizard school.	More balanced than most generalist Wizards. It's no loremaster.	✔	I find Regenerative reservoir a bit much over the course of a day given how useful 1st level spell slots are, and how very powerful this is as you get later in the game, but this is largely a side effect of long adventuring days, so your mileage may vary.
School of Arithmetick	Mage Hand Press	A Wizard that's based on being good at math...	...but requires a DM bad at math to allow it. No comment and lesson learned. Not particulary balanced.	X	This whole subclass is pretty nonstandard. Accrual alone would disqualify from consideration for most people. As to what is broken, it's mostly using stats with Factorize, as a whole group of monsters will have the same value for a stat, and savvy player will know what that stat is often allowing somewhat absurd things.
School of Astronomy ^{^ATLAS}	aeyana	A Wizard that's power comes from the alignment of the stars.	Balanced, while the stars give you some flexibility (and some early damage) it's not generally too much.	✔	I read Spell Stars as that you still have to be able to see the target and you cannot see through the spell stars, so you still need line of sight. If you make different assumptions, balance might be different.
School of Blue Magic ^{^YAG}	Yorviing	A Wizard based around stealing and copying their enemies spells.	It's more or less balance, but completely dependent on your party and what you fight.	X	I don't have any real objection to it, but players generally didn't think it was what they thought of as a Blue Mage, but I don't really know enough the source material of the idea to comment there.
School of Hemomancy ^{^DarkArts}	Jonoman3000	A Wizard that specializes in the blood magic provided by the supplement.	More or less balanced itself, but depends on the Hemomancy spell list, so your mileage may vary there.	X	I used it while I used those spells, but as I no longer use those spells, this wouldn't really work out as it's completely tied to those spells.
School of Innovation	KibblesTasty	A Wizard that lets you make your own spells.	It's a good effort at balancing a ridiculous idea.	X	It's a good bit of fun, and I think could be used, but as with anything this open ended, some user caution is recommended. I do use it as a template for player created spells though.
School of Pathology	KibblesTasty	A current events Wizard. Somewhere between a plague doctor and a plague maker	Mostly balanced. It will somewhat depend on the power and frequently of diseases in your game for their 14th level feature, but wasn't an issue for me.	✔	I am not personally a big fan of the spell contagion, I like the spell in principle, but it's in an awkward spot of being effectively "save three times or die". That's a gripe with the spell though, not this subclass.

Honorable Mentions

Oath of Free Commerce by the_singular_anyone (Walrock). I find it too much of a meme/meta joke, but your mileage may vary. Mechanically, it is mostly fine, though Invisibile Hand of the Market's unlimited nature can be a little much.
Oath of the Goodest Boi Paladin by KibblesTasty. I said at the start I don't allow memes, and this is definitely a meme, but I have been talked into allowing it no less than four times by people that sincerely wanted to play it, so I have playtested it. It is balanced, if ridiculous.

Compendiums & Sources

I've added a brief tag for how much content from compendiums I use for clarity. Limited generally means I don't use the spells or additional options, and may exclude up to half the character options. Most means I tend to use most of it. Some means I use less than limited, and it's usually case by case basis.

COFSA = Compendium of Forgotten Secrets, which has a free version that can be found here. I use limited content from this.
Dark Arts Compendium is a free compendium that can be found here. I use limited content from this.
ATLAS = All The Lights In The Sky Are Stars can be found here. I use limited content from this.
YAG = Yorviing's Arcane Grimoire, a free compendium of Wizard stuff that can be found here. I use limited content from this.
POP = Plethora of Paladins, a free compendium of, you guessed it, Paladins. Can be found here. I use limited content from this.
Elemental Origins is just the revised Elemental Sorcerers, don't know where else they are linked or I'd just link them individually, can be found here. I use all content from this.
KibblesTasty's subclasses are compiled on his site found here. I use most content from this.
Mage Hand Press has a large pool of free stuff on their website found here. It should be noted there are literally dozens of subclasses on that site I have never playtested. It has a lot of options, though tends to suffer a little of quantity over quality, but you're a lot better starting there to look for something if you cannot find it in the list above than DanDwiki. I use some from this.
Almost everything else is from Reddit, /UnearthedArcana and the creators there. I use some content from this...

Please don't construe anything I say as saying that anything isn't worth anyone's time. Not all stuff works for me, but if it is on this list, I at least read it and thought it had some merit, and it probably would work fine for someone's game, even if it may have some balance issues. My balance issues might now by your (or the creator's) balance issues, you might just not care about balance issues. This is just my list that I am sharing because it might help people sort through the sea of stuff out there, and particularly if they find my balance criteria similar to theirs be extremely helpful.
*Ranger Footnote: I currently use the UA Class Variants Ranger with some exceptions. I use the Beastmaster from above, and I require the replacement options are taken in order (i.e. Tireless cannot be taken at level 1 for obvious reasons).
*Sorcerer Footnote: As discussed in my Classes post, I partially use the Sorcerer, Tweaked, but as I don't actually use most of those subclasses, I might be better to say I use the Sorcerer with Expanded Spell Lists, an extra metamagic, and no need for an arcane focus.

Next Steps

What would you like to see next in Homebrew I've Played? Races? Feats? Mechanics? Leave your suggestion and vote below if you'd like to see another part to the series with what you'd like to see, and if you'd like to be notified when the next part goes up.
I also have some updates on my classes post, so I may like do a list up every six months or year or so if people are interesting in that. I have gotten a lot of new subclasses since I started posting these as well, so there will be quite a bit of new stuff playtested in the future.

Everything we know about Tasha's Cauldron of Everything

[PLEASE NOTE: I will keep this list as up-to-date as possible before too many details make it impossible. If you find a new source of information (a tweet, a Youtube video, an article or interview), please send the link to me. I will check the source for new, credible information and update the list.]

The Basics

Tasha's Cauldron of Everything comes out November 17th, 2020.

192 pages
4 Chapters: Character options, Spells and magic items, Group patrons, and Tools for Dungeon Masters. The character options chapter is the longest.
Tasha provides comments and captions throughout
Tasha is featured in different stages of her life in art throughout the book, including full-page art for each of the four chapters.
Standard cover by Magali Villeneuve
Alternate cover by Wylie Beckert with soft-touch finish will be available exclusively in game stores starting November 17, 2020. Full image. The art features Tasha, of course, and Graz'zt offering her a heart, as well as a scroll representing Tasha's hideous laughter.
Everything in the book is optional.

Classes and Subclasses

At least one new subclass for each of the 13 classes.
22 new subclasses, 5 reprinted subclasses from other books (not including Artificer subclasses).
Reprinted subclasses include: Order Domain Cleric and Circle of Spores Druid (Guildmasters’ Guide to Ravnica), College of Eloquence Bard and Oath of Glory Paladin (Mythic Odysseys of Theros), and the Bladesinging Wizard (Sword Coast Adventurer’s Guide).
all of the new subclasses previously appeared in Unearthed Arcana within the last year and a half.
most of the content in the book got high satisfaction scores in UA surveys. Those that didn't got either heavy revisions or delayed for a possible future book.
Alternate class features for every class -- similar to Class Feature Variants -- including Spell Versatility and three new "primal beast" Beast Master Companions, as well as some new ones not seen in UA.
New note: Jeremy Crawford said in a live stream there are new class features for every class in the Player's Handbook -- so it's possible the Artificer does not get new alternate class features.
Not all subclasses will be equally good at all things, but each will bring something new to your group.
All subclass options have to work for all the worlds of D&D. The book includes hooks for how to fit each subclass into each D&D setting.

ARTIFICER

Artificer is reprinted from Eberron: Rising from the Last War with some tweaks to make it fit in any world, not just Eberron
New artificer infusions
Artillerist, Alchemist, and Battle Smith are reprinted.
Armorer Specialization lets you sling lightning, master spells both old and new, create and customize armor.
Homunculus servants art

BARBARIAN

Path of Wild Magic Full preview here

BARD

College of Creation uses the primordial power of the song of creation. Can animate objects.
College of Eloquence is reprinted from Mythic Odysseys of Theros

CLERIC

Order Domain is reprinted from Guildmaster's Guide to Ravnica

DRUID

Circle of Spores is reprinted from Guildmaster's Guide to Ravnica

FIGHTER

At least one new subclass

MONK

At least one new subclass

PALADIN

Oath of Glory is reprinted from Mythic Odysseys of Theros

RANGER

three new "primal beast" Beast Master companions
At least one new subclass

ROGUE

At least one new subclass

SORCERER

Psionic Mind is a psionic-themed sorcerer origin. (Conflicting information regarding the final title of this subclass -- either Psionic Mind or Aberrant Mind, but most sources say Psionic Mind)

WARLOCK

Genie Patron lets you choose an element for the genie and decide what kind of vessel they dwell in. Each Genie includes extra spells to choose from, including the wish spell. Full preview here

WIZARD

New spellbook options
allegedly a psionic wizard
There will be a "new version" of the Bladesinging wizard school, originally printed in Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide.

MISCELLANEOUS

Customized character origin stories, similar to "This is Your Life" in Xanathar's Guide to Everything, including magical origins and backstories.
Multiple psionic-themed subclasses, featuring an "evolved" version of the previously playtested psionics mechanics.
new creatures (this may be a reference to summoned creatures and primal companions)

Races

New Lineage System allows new customization of characters, including ability score modifiers, disentangling personal traits from cultural traits
Players can create completely new custom lineages disconnected from anything in the Players' Handbook with a "fill in the blanks" template
Removal of negative racial modifiers from Kobold and Orc from Volo's Guide to Monsters in updated, presumably reprinted, versions.
Lineage System removes racial prerequisites for feats
Races from the Players Handbook are considered the archetypal version of those races, but the new origins let you create exceptional members of that race. You can apply your ability score bonuses however you like.
Possible preview of the new racial customization system from the ROTF season of Adventures League (See Appendix 1 in the link)
It is likely the new Volo's Guide to Monsters errata (not an optional rule, mind you, but errata) -- which makes some significant changes to the Goliath, Triton, Kobold, and Orc player races -- is a preview of what we can expect as far as the previously reported revisions to kobolds and orcs in TCoE. Specifically, the errata removes the negative modifiers from kobolds and orcs, and replaces orcs' Menacing trait entirely, giving them this instead: "Primal Intuition. You have proficiency in two of the following skills of your choice: Animal Handling, Insight, Intimidation, Medicine, Nature, Perception, and Survival."

Spells

The book includes "spells for both player characters and monsters."

9 new conjuration spells to summon spirits. Upcasting these spells increases the spirit's HP, attack bonus, and more. Each spell has at least two spirit options. The spells range from 2nd to 6th level, each take 1 action to cast, have a range of 90 feet and VSM components (with the Material component being a costly item). Each is concentration 1 hr.
Summoning spells: a more elegant, enjoyable way to summon creatures than the ones in the PHB. The PHB options can coexist, but these do something different. Faster and easier to engage with than looking up a monster stat block. Stat block is right in the spell. Summoned creature can be customized.
Since the Bladesinger wizard is being reprinted, we can assume the Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide cantrips are being reprinted: booming blade, green-flame blade, lightning lure, and sword burst. Unconfirmed, just my speculation
Lightning strike is included on the artificer spell list
Mind sliver (art)
Summon aberrant spirit (summon a beholderkin)
Summon bestial spirit
Summon celestial spirit
Summon construct spirit (including a golem or modron)
Summon elemental spirit
Summon fey spirit
Summon fiendish spirit
Summon shadow spirit (summons a monstrosity)
Summon undead spirit is a 3rd-level necromancy spell
Tasha’s caustic brew
Tasha’s otherworldly guise
Tasha's mind whip

Feats

There will be new feats.

"Multiple feats open up multiclassing in new ways" says Forbes. Not sure what they mean by that, except that the recent 2020 Feats UA was like Diet Multiclassing.

Magic Items

There will be new magic items, including new "campaign-defining" artifacts and magical tattoos.

these aren't just +1 or +2 weapons, they are "super flavorful" and "mechanically, really good."
Rarity ranges from uncommon to Legendary.
New class-specific magic items
Magic spellbooks that include spells and can be used as spellcasting focuses for spellcasters.
Bell Branch: a tree limb spellcasting focus for druids and warlocks
a spellbook for wizards that seems like a romance novel, but contains a bunch of illusion spells
extraplanar shards for sorcerers
many of these magic items use renewable charges
THE Tarokka Deck is an artifact which can trap spirits, and has already been used to trap evil beings who could get out.
Demonomicon of Iggwilv
Mighty Servant of Leuk-O
Crook of Rao
Baba Yaga's Mortar and Pestle

Magic Tattoos

One magical tattoo improves unarmored AC.
Masquerade Tattoo
Coiling Grasp Tattoo

DM Tools

The book contains rules for:

Supernatural environments and natural hazards
Parleying with monsters - NOT a heavy rule system. Just some tables DMs can roll on to decide what a monster might want instead of conflict.
Session Zero - guidance for setting ground rules about what the group is comfortable or uncomfortable with,
New puzzles (designed by Elisa Teague) and traps to drop into your game
the puzzles require teamwork
Puzzles often test the player rather than the character, but the player could turn to their character to say, “HALP!” so puzzles also include Hint Checks: ability check system for DMs to help players overcome the obstacle. Tells DMs what players learn if they succeed.

MAGIC ENVIRONMENTS
Magical environments are perfect for high-level encounters.
Magical Environments include:

Eldritch Storms filled with undead beings
magical and/or primal fruits
magical roads that fold on space itself, like a wormhole
a Mirror Realm where the things in mirrors have come to life
Mimic Colony where everything is a mimic
Magical Spring
magic trees
region haunted by ghosts
region where magic is unraveling

GROUP PATRONS

a full chapter of the book
Group Patrons, first introduced in Eberron: Rising from the Last War. Each group patron option comes with its own perks and types of assignments. Group patrons are powerful NPCs.
PCs in parties who follow a group patron can give each other advantage on checks a number of times per day.
Your patron might be like family to your group or you might not be on good terms with them.

Examples include:

Esteemed Adventuring Academy
Ancient Being/Undead Lich
Azalin the Lich, originally from Ravenloft.
Eberron's Dark Lanterns spy agency
Sovereign, like a king, queen, duke, duchess or Merfolk sovereign.
a dragon
you have different patron contacts -- by dreams, or by letter, etc.

SIDEKICKS

Sidekicks, first introduced in Unearthed Arcana, and later printed in the Essentials Kit. Sidekicks are NPCs controlled by the DM or the players. They can be customized.
There is a Sidekick class intended for new players or players who want a "chill" experience. You can play as a Warrior, Expert, or Spellcaster. (See UA Sidekicks for examples)
Sidekicks still include applying a template to an NPC statblock, but can also be used to create NPCs.
Jeremy Crawford: Sidekicks in the Essentials Kit were "pre-built sidekicks using [the] Sidekicks System under the hood." The "full Sidekicks rules" are based on the UA Sidekicks.
The 3 sidekick classes are Warrior, Expert, and Spellcaster. You can consider these 3 brand new classes for D&D 5e. The classes are "simple and elegant" and "flexible"
DMs or Players can create characters with these 3 sidekick classes.
Sidekicks don't have to be a person! There are 9 different sidekicks depicted in the book, including a wolf sidekick who's either winking or missing an eye.
Baseline rule: Take a creature that's CR 1/2 or lower and add sidekick class levels onto them. Spellcasters must be able to speak a language, though.
Sidekick classes are even simpler than the UA Sidekicks. Like if their proficiency bonus increases, that's it for that level.
Spellcaster sidekicks have 3 different starting packs of spells.
Sidekicks should just match your current level when they join your party.
Sidekicks could be used as "zero level" characters before your characters decide what class to make their main.
You can multiclass sidekick classes.
If you want to play something non-traditional, you can now do it using a sidekick class. Play a zombie, play a wolf. Any creature CR 1/2 or lower.

ART

Chapter 1: Tasha and Baba Yaga

Sources

Official Wizards of the Coast product description for Tasha's Cauldron of Everything
Elle Osili-Wood on Twitter - mentions Sidekicks
Gurav Gulati on Twitter - mentions Group Patrons
Mica Burton on Twitter - mentions Genie Patron
Omega Jones aka Critical Bard on Twitter - mentions Bard College of Creation
Sam de Leve on Twitter - mentions various magic items
Tanya De Pass on Twitter - mentions Armorer Specialist Artificer
Viva La Dirt League on Facebook - mentions new spells
Tasha’s Cauldron of Everything Has, Well… Everything for 5E D&amp;amp;D | Nerdarchy
Dungeons &amp;amp; Dragons Announces Tasha's Cauldron of Everything, A Major New Rules Expansion | comicbook.com
Dungeons &amp;amp; Dragons Announces New Book and Fall Event | IGN.com
With D&amp;amp;D's Next Rulebook, Character Creation Will Never Be the Same | io9
D&amp;amp;D'S NEXT EXPANSION, TASHA'S CAULDRON OF EVERYTHING, ADDS NEW SUBCLASSES AND RACIAL CUSTOMIZATION | SyFy
Tasha’s Cauldron of Everything coming in November, brings new ways to personalize your characters | Gaming Trend
Dungeons &amp;amp; Dragons Announced A New Book With A Little Bit Of “Everything” | Forbes
1 credible anonymous source
Issue 33 (August 26, 2020) of Dragon+: https://dnd.dragonmag.com/2020/08/12/in-the-works-tashas-cauldron-of-everything/content.html
DnD Adventurers League on Twitter
Preview of Wild Magic Barbarian and Genie Warlock subclasses | D&D Celebration [Celebration site was taken down] New Link for Warlock, New Link for Barbarian
Adventurer’s League Players Guide v10
Mind sliver preview | D&D Celebration [Celebration site was taken down] New link
Jeremy Crawford and Chris Perkins in “Dungeons & Designers” panel at D&D Celebration
Tasha’s mind whip preview | D&D Celebration [Celebration site was taken down] New link
Magic Tattoo previews | D&D Celebration [Celebration site was taken down] New link
D&D Celebration site was taken down, so here are the previews from that: Wild Magic Barbarian, Genie Warlock, Mind Sliver, Mind Whip, Masquerade and Coiling Grasp Tattoos
Volo's Guide to Monsters errata
Dragon Talk podcast: Sage Advice: Group Patrons
Dragon Talk podcast: Sage Advice: Sidekicks

Here's my take on how starting Ability Scores can be tied to your class rather than your lineage

You can find a prettified version of this on GM Binder or find a PDF version along with my thoughts of this on Dump Stat.

With Tasha's Cauldron of Everything coming out in a few months, there has been a lot of discussion about how broken (or awesome) their rules on adjusting your lineage Ability Score Increase will work. I've no idea what it is going to look like, but here is my idea on what something like it could look like. To be frank, I don't think it will look like this, but maybe some people will prefer my idea over whatever is in TCoE when we get a chance to see it. This is created to tie as closely as possible to what's already in the books, and is not attempting to change the balance or the number of bonuses one lineage gives to abilities over another.

Starting Abilities Variant

This variant rule ensures that the Primary Ability of any Class is not tied down to lineage choices. These rules assume that players shouldn't limit their character choices based on pre-assigned Ability Score Increases, but rather be given a chance to play any lineage as any Class. A player character is an exceptional being that goes against the bulk assumptions of a lineage and it's people.
The rules are focused on not differing from the main assumptions of Dungeons & Dragons - 5th edition. Those assumptions are that every lineage gets a +2 bonus in one Ability Score and a +1 bonus to another Ability Score.
To replicate that assumption without tying it to a lineage, every Class grants a +2 bonus to their Primary Ability as well as a character's Background now providing a +1 bonus to an Ability Score associated with that Background. This completely replaces the Ability Score Increase feature associated with every lineage, meaning a character only gains an increase to their Ability Scores based on their chosen Class and Background, not what people they came from.

Class & Primary Ability

Every Class has a Primary Ability as determined by the Player's Handbook. The chosen ability is focused on the main attributes of that Class, though it doesn't take into account possible subclasses that might rely on a different ability, like Eldritch Knight or Arcane Trickster. See Variant Rules for more information.
When creating a character, your selected Class provides a +2 bonus to your Ability Score that corresponds with the Primary Ability of the Class. If there are multiple options, you choose one.

Background Bonus

Every character must select a Background when creating their character. Based on what Background is chosen, a player has three Ability Scores to choose from to gain a +1 bonus to. This bonus can NOT be the same as your chosen Primary Ability unless your lineage allows it, see the section on Odd Lineages below.

Oddities Among a Lineage

Certain lineages may provide an additional bonus or penalty to your Ability Scores. If you are given a bonus to an Ability Score, it can not be for the same Ability Score as selected for your Primary Ability or your Background Ability Score Increase, see the section on Odd Lineages below.

Using These Rules

Remove the Ability Score Increase feature pre-assigned by lineage.
Your Class provides a +2 bonus to its Primary Ability.
Your Background provides a +1 bonus to one of the three Ability Scores linked to it, choose one.
If you have an Odd Lineage, see the section below for more information.

Classes & Primary Ability

Class	Primary Ability
Artificer	Intelligence
Barbarian	Strength
Bard	Charisma
Cleric	Wisdom
Druid	Wisdom
Fighter	Strength, Dexterity (Choose 1)
Monk	Dexterity, Wisdom (Choose 1)
Paladin	Strength, Charisma (Choose 1)
Ranger	Dexterity, Wisdom (Choose 1)
Rogue	Dexterity
Sorcerer	Charisma
Warlock	Charisma
Wizard	Intelligence

Odd Lineage

The following lineages function slightly differently within the confines of these rules. An Odd Lineage that grants a bonus can not be applied to a character's Primary Ability or their Ability Score they choose from their Background.

Mountain Dwarf. You gain a +1 bonus to Strength, if your Primary Ability is Strength, increase your Background Ability Score Increase bonus from +1 to +2.
Half Elf. You gain a +1 bonus to be placed into any Ability Score that is not your Primary Ability or your Background Ability Increase.
Human. You gain a +1 bonus to every Ability Score, you do not gain increases from your Primary Ability or your Background Ability Score Increase.
Variant Human. You only gain a +1 bonus to your Class' Primary Ability.
Kobold. You suffer a -2 to your Strength Ability Score and do not gain the bonus from your background.
Volo's Orc. You suffer a -2 to your Intelligence Ability Score. (Does not apply to Exandria's Orc).
Triton. You only gain a +1 bonus to your Class' Primary Ability. In addition, you gain a bonus +1 increase to one Ability Score that doesn't correspond with your Primary Ability or your Background Ability Score Increase.
Changeling. You are not restricted by your Background as to what your Background Ability Score Increase is in and the bonus can be applied to your Class' Primary Ability.
Warforged. You are not restricted by your Background as to what your Background Ability Score Increase is in except it can not be applied to your Primary Ability Score.
Simic Hybrid. You are not restricted by your Background as to what your Background Ability Score Increase is in except it can not be applied to your Primary Ability Score.

Background	Ability Score Increase (Choose One)	Associated Skill Proficiencies
Acolyte	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	Insight, Religion
Anthropologist	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	Insight, Religion
Archaeologist	Constitution, Intelligence, Wisdom	History, Survival
Athlete	Strength, Dexterity, Constitution	Athletics, Acrobatics
Azorius Functionary	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	Insight, Intimidation
Boros Legionnaire	Strength, Constitution, Charisma	Athletics, Intimidation
Charlatan	Dexterity, Wisdom, Charisma	Deception, Sleight of Hand
City Watch / Investigator	Strength, Intelligence, Wisdom	Athletics, Investigation, Insight
Clan Crafter	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	History, Insight
Cloistered Scholar	Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom	History, Arcana, Nature, Religion
Courtier	Dexterity, Wisdom, Charisma	Insight, Persuasion
Criminal / Spy	Dexterity, Wisdom, Charisma	Deception, Stealth
Dimir Operative	Dexterity, Wisdom, Charisma	Deception, Stealth
Entertainer	Dexterity, Constitution, Charisma	Acrobatics, Performance
Faceless	Dexterity, Wisdom, Charisma	Deception, Intimidation
Faction Agent	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	Any Intelligence, Wisdom, or Charisma
Far Traveler	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	Insight, Perception
Fisher	Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom	History, Survival
Folk Hero	Strength, Wisdom, Charisma	Animal Handling, Survival
Gladiator	Strength, Dexterity, Charisma	Acrobatics, Performance
Golgari Agent	Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom	Nature, Survival
Gruul Anarch	Strength, Constitution, Wisdom	Animal Handling, Athletics
Guild Artisan / Guild Merchant	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	Insight, Persuasion
Haunted One	Constitution, Intelligence, Wisdom	Any Intelligence or Wisdom
Hermit	Constitution, Intelligence, Wisdom	Medicine, Religion
House Agent	Dexterity, Intelligence, Charisma	Investigation, Persuasion
Inheritor	Constitution, Intelligence, Wisdom	Survival, Arcana, History, Religion
Izzet Engineer	Dexterity, Constitution, Intelligence	Arcana, Investigation
Knight	Strength, Intelligence, Charisma	History, Persuasion
Marine	Strength, Dexterity, Wisdom	Athletics, Survival
Noble	Constitution, Intelligence, Charisma	History, Persuasion
Orzhov Representative	Strength, Intelligence, Charisma	Intimidation, Religion
Outlander	Strength, Constitution, Wisdom	Athletics, Survival
Rakdos Cultist	Dexterity, Constitution, Charisma	Acrobatics, Performance
Sage	Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom	Arcana, History
Sailor / Pirate	Strength, Dexterity, Wisdom	Athletics, Perception
Selesnya Initiate	Intelligence, Wisdom, Charisma	Nature, Persuasion
Shipwright	Strength, Intelligence, Wisdom	History, Perception
Simic Scientist	Constitution, Intelligence, Wisdom	Arcana, Medicine
Smuggler	Strength, Dexterity, Charisma	Athletics, Deception
Soldier	Strength, Constitution, Charisma	Athletics, Intimidation
Urban Bounty Hunter	Dexterity, Wisdom, Charisma	Stealth, Insight, Deception, Persuasion
Urchin	Dexterity, Constitution, Wisdom	Sleight of Hand, Stealth

Variant Rules

Variant: Split Primary Ability

You can instead choose to not gain the +2 bonus to your Class' Primary Ability but rather take two +1 Ability Increases instead. The bonuses can not be to the same Ability Score as each other but can be applied to the same Background Ability Score Increase or with an Odd Lineage's bonus. The DM may decide that one of the Ability Score Increases must be applied to your Primary Ability.

Variant: Subclass

If you know what subclass you'd like to take when creating your character, your Primary Ability options that you can choose from extend to include the Primary Ability of that subclass. For example, Eldritch Knights and Arcane Tricksters would add Intelligence as a Primary Ability choice to their respective Classes. The DM has final say on which subclasses grant additional choices for the Primary Ability options.

Variant: Background Abilities

The Backgrounds provided are from the Player's Handbook, Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide, Guildmaster's Guide to Ravnica, and others. All Background Ability Score Increases are based on the Skill Proficiencies offered by that Background, as well as taking into account it's Background Feature. The DM may decide to allow different Ability Scores to be linked to different Backgrounds, though that does make certain lineages less unique, see the section on Odd Lineages for examples.

Variant: Custom Backgrounds

If you make a custom background, work with your DM to determine what Ability Score Increase it might provide. The options should be closely tied to what Skill Proficiencies and Background Feature is provided.

I'm compiling a list of remaining errors in published books. Let me know what errors you have found.

Notes and Highlights of Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear’s Live Update October 8, 2020

Notes and Highlights of Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear’s Live Update October 8, 2020
Notes by mr_tyler_durden and Daily Update Team
Check your registration status, ballot status, or how to vote here!
Note: Thank you to the people who have given awards to these posts but I do want to say: Please don’t spend money to give these posts an award or if you want to give then donate it here instead. These people need your help more than I need awards. I guess if you are just spending reddit coins that you already have then that’s fine but don’t spend new money, donate it instead. Thank you all!
Watch here:

Youtube: Update (YT Channel)
Facebook: Update (FB Page)

Headlines

77,455 Cases (+884), 1,234 Deaths (+11)
New cases by county: 161x Jefferson, 48x Fayette, 34x Daviess, 32x Hopkins, 31x Henderson, 28x Whitley, 25x Warren, 22x Calloway, 22x Hardin, 19x Laurel, 19x Madison, 17x Jessamine, 13x Bullitt, 13x Kenton, 13x Nelson, 12x Ohio, 12x Scott, 10x Barren, 10x Graves, 10x Letcher, 10x Marion, 10x McCracken, 10x Webster, 9x Boone, 9x Bourbon, 9x Campbell, 9x Larue, 9x Oldham, 8x Boyd, 8x Caldwell, 8x Hart, 8x Marshall, 8x Montgomery, 8x Muhlenberg, 7x Bell, 7x Christian, 7x Franklin, 7x Meade, 7x Union, 6x Butler, 6x Perry, 5x Boyle, 5x Carter, 5x Greenup, 5x Logan, 5x McLean, 5x Rowan, 5x Trigg, 4x Adair, 4x Allen, 4x Harlan, 4x Lawrence, 4x Mercer, 4x Pulaski, 4x Russell, 4x Shelby, 3x Clay, 3x Garrard, 3x Grayson, 3x Harrison, 3x McCreary, 3x Metcalfe, 3x Monroe, 3x Morgan, 3x Nicholas, 3x Simpson, 3x Taylor, 3x Wayne, 3x Woodford, 2x Breathitt, 2x Breckinridge, 2x Clark, 2x Edmonson, 2x Elliott, 2x Fleming, 2x Floyd, 2x Fulton, 2x Grant, 2x Henry, 2x Jackson, 2x Johnson, 2x Knox, 2x Leslie, 2x Lewis, 2x Lincoln, 2x Magoffin, 2x Martin, 2x Pike, 2x Powell, 1x Anderson, 1x Ballard, 1x Bath, 1x Clinton, 1x Crittenden, 1x Cumberland, 1x Green, 1x Hancock, 1x Knott, 1x Livingston, 1x Lyon, 1x Mason, 1x Menifee, 1x Owsley, 1x Rockcastle, 1x Trimble, 1x Washington
New deaths by county: 62 F Bell, 95 F Boyd, 60 F Bullitt, 80 F Fayette, 85 F Jefferson, 63 F Jefferson, 58 M Jefferson, 65 M Lincoln, 86 F Scott, 83 M Scott, 31 M Warren
Fast 4 Today.

For the very first one is the Team Kentucky Fund, and I have some great news to share. We partnered with the community action of Kentucky and they have served as the hands and feet of our operation and I'm happy to announce today that we have officially given $1 million in aid to Kentuckians through the Team Kentucky Fund. [...] So if you've fallen on hard times financially because of COVID-19, please visit https://teamkyfund.ky.gov/ to apply. If you want to help your fellow Kentucky and you can make a donation at http://donate.ky.gov/ every gift is tax deductible and 100% of the proceeds go directly to support Kentuckians.

2. We are proud to partner with the US Department of Education Rise Award, which stands for “Recognizing Inspirational School Employees”. This award is intended to honor our classified school employees. Those unsung heroes that play such an important role in our kids lives every day.
3. Today I want to congratulate the Pike County school system on the Pikeville Medical Center, Healthy at School telehealth program. With this telehealth program, students who are attending in-person classes and become sick, will have the opportunity to be seen virtually by a PMC medical provider without having to leave school.
4. Positive Social Media
Secretary of State goes over voting deadlines, shows a video on how to vote absentee, and encourages all Kentuckians to vote: http://govoteky.com/
Virginia Moore (ASL interpreter) gives an update on her condition. She has stage 1 uterine cancer but it was caught early. She urges people not to put off going to see their doctor.
Governor talks about a wedding in Maine which has led to 7 deaths so far from people who didn’t even attend: So in Maine, there was, and this has been now reported on significantly, there was a wedding that was held that violated all of their protocols.
Governor, can you tell us what happened with the Michigan governor? Has the FBI informed you or other governors that you know of other threats against similar threats against governors or people in state government?-- The question is dealing with- It started with what was announced about the plot against the Michigan governor today, which was a militia group recruiting and training to kidnap her, probably from a vacation home. Surveilling that home, practicing their tactics, even detonating, what I'd call an IED. Very violent plans that have no place in this society. And this is a group very similar to those that we have seen people in this state that are supposed to be leaders standing with and riling up. We have to be so much better than that.
My question is from rural Kentuckians, it’s about rapid testing, obviously larger cities have more availability for rapid testing in terms of driving up and doing it. In rural Kentucky it seems that is not available, and so many people are going somewhere, and have to wait for results for three to four days. Meanwhile, they could be spreading it in rural Kentucky. Is there a need for more rapid testing in the more rural parts of the state? -- Question is on testing in rural Kentucky. (Can you put up the testing locations?) We certainly have a lot of testing locations in rural Kentucky, we don't have as many drive-thru sites, like we have in some of our major urban areas. Monday, we're going to be talking about a program that we have just started to help address that, where we're working with at least 4 of the larger rural local health districts, increasing their access to testing, and even creating mobile units within them to hit different parts of their sets of counties, where we believe there hasn't been as as much testing.
In Yesterday's Lexington Mayor’s Briefing, there was a discussion about insurance companies being involved and in my Sunday School class there was a discussion about surprise bills appearing a couple of months later, surprising to me. Is that the issue there? -- So on testing - the question is about sometimes people being charged and sometimes not, our state testing is entirely free. Outside of the state testing, people need to ask, and get an answer before they get a test. [..] I can tell you as a state employee we have a system that is set up to where you can get one free but if you go to a different place, you can be charged as well, outside of what we have set up. So you really need to ask before you go. But if anybody is worried about the cost of a test, and otherwise needing to be tested. Please call the Department for Public Health or any other area and we will find a place where you can get one, because we want people to get tested.
What do you do if you get a surprise bill?-- If you get a surprise bill, I believe we can contact either the attorney general's office on their consumer protection hotline, and/or our Cabinet for Health and Family Services and I think we can try to address it from there. Maybe the Department of Insurance too with the Public Protection Cabinet. If you get a- Listen, I believe we need to ban surprise billing entirely, and we tried to do it in the last session and didn't have the support. If you get a surprise bill, call one of those three areas, we'll try to get you to the right place. People shouldn't be doing that, we'll see what we can do to step in a state government
What are the benefits of the state system instead of current contact tracing methods? -- It allows that data to be shared instantly with the state, shared with people across county lines since people can live across county lines. It also allows the outside contact tracers that we hired to help, in all of these counties, be able to step in and help Fayette County if needed, even if they are housed somewhere else. It allows us to have one major response, even if it's driven by local health departments.
Slides from Update

Full Notes

Good afternoon. We’re about to start for today but now I want to discuss something scary, militia groups. 13 members were arrested and charged for attempted kidnapping of Michigan’s governor. Supporters are charged by the US government and by the state of Michigan for planning to kidnap. I have always despised these groups and their supporters. Though they are far away, I love the state of Michigan. Here in Kentucky it is different but we understand. Back in May they gathered...
Thank you Governor.
Alright, so with the fast four at four: For the very first one is the Team Kentucky Fund, and I have some great news to share. We partnered with the community action of Kentucky and they have served as the hands and feet of our operation and I'm happy to announce today that we have officially given $1 million in aid to Kentuckians through the Team Kentucky Fund. And this money is helping our friends, our family, and our neighbors. One story came to my attention about a single mom from Wayne County, Kentucky, and this woman lost her job as a data entry operator when COVID hit. She fell on hard times and couldn't pay her utility bills, but she heard about the Team Kentucky Fund and applied, and she received assistance, she was able to pay her utility bills, and it was a big relief that she didn't have to continue to worry about that on top of everything else. So this is one example of the generosity of our fellow Kentuckians and what we're making possible when we come together. I want to thank CAK for their hard work and I want to thank the public protection cabinet for overseeing the team Kentucky fund. And here's one of the best statistics, I've heard so far: For every dollar that's donated to the Team Kentucky Fund, it results in $1.92 in aid to Kentuckians that is a remarkable return on investment. So if you've fallen on hard times financially because of COVID-19, please visit https://teamkyfund.ky.gov/ to apply. If you want to help your fellow Kentucky and you can make a donation at http://donate.ky.gov/ every gift is tax deductible and 100% of the proceeds go directly to support Kentuckians, just like this woman in Wayne County.
Alright, next up we have the Rise Awards. We all know amazing people who work in our Kentucky schools and it's our job to recognize those who go above and beyond everyday to help our students and to make a difference in their lives. So we are proud to partner with the US Department of Education Rise Award, which stands for“Recognizing Inspirational School Employees”. This award is intended to honor our classified school employees. Those unsung heroes that play such an important role in our kids lives every day. But we need your help to recognize all of those contributions that are made. Classified school employees are clerical and administrative staff, food service workers, custodial staff, maintenance, transportation, and health services staff. So we're asking for nominations, we're looking for nominees, who demonstrate excellence and leadership, they demonstrate commitment and community involvement. A selection committee will review all of the nominations and submit their recommendation to the Governor for submission to the Department of Education. So please visit, http://education.ky.gov/ if you would like to nominate someone, and the nominations are due by Friday, October 16th.
Third, we have one of those really innovative stories again, from a school, because our schools are so innovative. But there is nothing more important than protecting our students, whether they're learning at home, or in-person in classes and as I've always said education was made to meet this moment. And here's the perfect example of that work. Today I want to congratulate the Pike County school system on the Pikeville Medical Center, Healthy at School telehealth program. With this telehealth program, students who are attending in-person classes and become sick, will have the opportunity to be seen virtually by a PMC medical provider without having to leave school. This will allow parents and guardians and caregivers to pick up their sick child from school, pick up any necessary prescription they may need, and go directly home. Many of the Pike county students live as much as an hour away from a medical provider and so this is going to help, when you consider the barriers of work, travel, and financial hardships. This partnership with PMC allows our students to see medical providers without having to leave school, those providers will communicate with the school nurse, or designee, and they will see the students through a high-definition video teleconferencing system that's sponsored by PMC. This is going to be available to all elementary, middle, and high school students in the school system; as well as faculty and staff. So this is another example of our students in our school communities going above and beyond to serve our children, and making the best of a bad situation. That little girl looks like I do whenever I go to the doctor. I'm not a big fan of it either.
So, alright, finally for number four. We have some positive social media to share with you.
- The first picture that I've got comes from a family that visited Fort Boonesborough, which is the site where Daniel Boone and his group settled when they reached the Kentucky River. We always like to see when our young people are being responsible and wearing masks and setting a good example, even when they're out at public parks.
- Number two, we have a family who has made voting a family activity. We're gonna hear from the Secretary of State in just a minute about our election so I thought this would be appropriate. And this family bought a book that's called “A Kid's Book About Voting” to help their kids learn about the democratic system, and they perform their patriotic duty together by dropping off their ballot. So this is something that we do as a family. My husband and I are actually gonna be dropping off our ballots tomorrow and Evelyn's going to go with this and this will be her first time at the polls too. So that'll be a good experience for all of us.
- And last but not least we've had some wonderful weather across Kentucky, knock on wood. And so I want to show you a picture of a family that visited an orchard in Bowling Green. And the mom, the woman in this picture, is Mandy and Mandy says “even her four year old wore a mask”. And this is just an example about how young people get it, and we are so grateful for those of you who truly mask up for Kentucky.
So that rounds out the four at four and so I will turn it over to our Secretary of State. (If I can get my notes out of the way, Secretary.)
Thank you Lt. Gov Coleman, Afternoon everyone, good to be with you all again. I've got a short video to show you in just a moment about how to fill out an absentee ballot but first I want to give you some statistics about our general election. So, let me begin first with a reminder of the deadline. If you want to vote absentee ballot. The deadline to request your absentee ballot is tomorrow, Friday, October 9th at 11:59pm. That is when we close the online request portal at http://govoteky.com/ Then we move into the in person voting phase of our election for three weeks. So if you want to vote absentee, that's great, we've made this option available to you in a way it really hasn't been available before, but you have to exercise that right, so please do so no later than tomorrow night at 11:59pm. Here's where you are right now: As of 3:40PM today. We've had 623,404 requests for an absentee ballot at http://govoteky.com/ That is not every request that has been received some people just call the clerk, but that's a pretty small number. So I'd say approximately 625,000 requests for an absentee ballot. Of those requests, 538,320 had been issued to the voter. So roughly five out of six. And 144,749 ballots had been received back by the clerk. What if you want to find out if yours has gotten back to the clerk? Just go to http://govoteky.com, you can track your ballot there, the way you track a UPS package, you can see if the clerk got your request, fulfilled your request, and if the clerk has got your ballot back. And, again, to the point made by Lieutenant Governor, you can return that ballot in the mailbox, or you can put it in the drop box, it's up to you. We'll pay for your postage, or better yet if you want the satisfaction of hand delivering your ballot and knowing it's been received, drop it in the dropbox, available to you from your county clerk. To give you some perspective, as of October 5th at 4pm, the deadline by statute when we closed voter registration for this election, we were at 3,561,028 registered voters in Kentucky, that's high. We had roughly 30,000 register in the last day- a huge surge at the end. And so, we process those numbers 17.5% of Kentucky registered voters have asked for an absentee ballot. It's 36% in Fayette County, that's the highest, it's 4% in Martin County. That's the lowest. Let me tell you why I'm so pleased, where these numbers are. What we wanted, the governor and I, was to make sure that we had absentee ballots available for those who need them. This is a subjective decision made by the voter. Does the voter feel comfortable, based on the voter’s age and health condition voting in-person or not? It's up to the voter, and we've preserved that, but we also didn't want to overtax the system with having more absentee ballots than we could manage with our current infrastructure that's not really designed for elections to be, generally, conducted that way. So here's why this is good news, 625,000, my guess is it'll be 700,000 by tomorrow night, that's right in the sweet spot. That's enough that we see that it's working, that the word is getting out, that voters who have concerns are able to utilize this effectively, but it's also not something that will overwhelm the system. Surprisingly, this is fewer ballots requested than absentee ballots requested in the general election than we had in the primary, even though the general election turnout will be I think two and a half times the turnout we had in the primary, which was already high. So we're right in the sweet spot, I think, to have a successful election and make sure each vote gets to exercise the choice in the way that he or she prefers.
So again tomorrow was the deadline to request an absentee ballot. Starting on Tuesday the 13th of October, we're going to have in-person voting available statewide six days a week. This year there's not an election day. There's 19 election days, you can go vote Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday- it's up to you. Do what’s convenient and help us space out the crowds and ensure we can have social distancing. With that, I'm gonna turn this over to myself for the short video.
Video: I'm Michael Adams, your Secretary of State and Chief Election Official. I'm here today to show you how to fill out your absentee ballot, if that's how you're going to vote this year. So it should look like this “Official election mail” and here's the name and return address of your county clerk. So let's open this up. Here's what you're going to find inside. First off, you're going to have an outer envelope. This is addressed back to your county clerk. And look, we paid for your postage. Inside of that, you'll also find an inner envelope for your absentee ballot. Plus there's more. Here's your instructions on how to fill out your absentee ballot. Please read these, and please follow these to the letter. This is to help us help you make sure your vote gets counted. Finally, last but not least, here’s your absentee ballot, It's two-sided, don't forget to turn it over. On the first side you've got all the different candidates you get to vote for for various offices, and on the reverse side, there's two constitutional amendments, make sure you look at both sides of your ballot and exercise your vote. Alright, take a blue or black ink pin to fill in these boxes, decide who you're going to vote for. You can vote straight ticket, or you can split your ticket. And again, don't forget, there's two more questions for you on the back side if you want to vote in these constitutional amendments. All right, so your ballot is all done. And by the way, these ballots all look the same, depending on where you live, there's no insignia that this is your vote. We don't know whose vote this is, we keep these secret to protect your right. Alright, let’s put this back in the envelope, in the inner envelope, just tuck this in here and look there's a little strip of glue. You can look at if you like to do that but you don't have to, you can use a sponge. Seal this up real tight and then, it says right here, “voter must sign here”. That's not a suggestion, the voter must sign here. I want to be able to count your vote. So help us do that, sign right here so we can compare your signature and make sure that it's you casting your vote.
Now this flap, once we get this back, we tear this off with your name on it, and then you just got another ballot envelope like anybody else in the bin. That's how we keep your vote secret. Now you want to take this little envelope and put it in the big envelope. Another place to lick or use your sponge, seal that up tight, you're almost done. One more thing. See this highlighted strip here: “voter must sign here”, so sign there, we've marked it for you. Alright, you're all set. Now you’ve got a choice, you can drop this in a mailbox or, better yet, you can drop it off in the drop box we've made available to your county clerk. Either way, your vote will be counted. Thanks so much and don't forget to vote.
Thank you to our Secretary of State for his bipartisan work on ensuring that this is the easiest election to vote in, that I believe that we have ever had. I believe that this is what leadership looks like and when people can come together and put aside ideology, put people first, especially in a pandemic, these are the great results that we get. I appreciate his partnership, and I hope there's a lot that we can do moving into the future together even beyond the current election.
I want to thank Gracie Armstrong, and the Atherton High School field hockey team for sending me their mask, we appreciate you. We want you to stay safe. Thank you to Gracie for being a part of Team Kentucky. You may know, we've had Rachel here now for about a week straight and and we very much appreciate her being here. Virginia, who of course we miss, has a message for us today, wants to give you all a little update on where she's been and a message to people to make sure that they are getting regular health checks. We'll let Virginia explain it in her own words.
Video: Hello, I'm Virginia Moore, and you may recognize me standing right over there where my professional colleague Rachel is standing. She's going to be signing for me today. I'm here to share something with you, something very personal. I've been a part of Team Kentucky, with the governor, ever since this pandemic started. As you know Dr Stack indicated to us during the pandemic we needed to take care of our own health. And especially here recently, we needed to go to the doctor and follow up and take care of our own health. I did put off some things. But I'm here to say to you, you don't need to. I have recently been diagnosed as having uterine cancer, but it is stage one, so I did catch it early. I'm going to be going through a hysterectomy, and then we probably will not have any need for a follow up. So actually this is a good thing, but it reminds me to tell you all you need to take care of yourself. This month of October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Ladies, please go have a mammogram. Please go have a pap smear. Please take care of yourself. This also means that I am now one of the vulnerable ones. I've always worn a mask for you. And I'm going to ask that you were a mask for me. My heart is Team Kentucky, and I will be back. So I will see you all soon.
To Virginia, we miss you. We love you. We know that you will be back soon and today, I wear my mask for you. And I think all across Kentucky, you're going to feel the love that so many have in the support. We so appreciate you, and everything that in many ways you started, I feel, across the country, and making sure that everyone can get the news that they need that everybody counts. During this pandemic and after.
Alright, moving into today's COVID report. Today we are reporting 884 new cases of COVId 19.
Positive cases today: 884 - This is about 20 cases less than we had this day last week. It's about 200 more than we had in the two preceding weeks before that it gives you an idea that again, even excluding some of the backlog cases that came in yesterday, we are unfortunately on track to have the single largest week thus far in this epidemic.
Probable cases: 10,625
Total confirmed cases: 77,455
New cases by county: 161x Jefferson, 48x Fayette, 34x Daviess, 32x Hopkins, 31x Henderson, 28x Whitley, 25x Warren, 22x Calloway, 22x Hardin, 19x Laurel, 19x Madison, 17x Jessamine, 13x Bullitt, 13x Kenton, 13x Nelson, 12x Ohio, 12x Scott, 10x Barren, 10x Graves, 10x Letcher, 10x Marion, 10x McCracken, 10x Webster, 9x Boone, 9x Bourbon, 9x Campbell, 9x Larue, 9x Oldham, 8x Boyd, 8x Caldwell, 8x Hart, 8x Marshall, 8x Montgomery, 8x Muhlenberg, 7x Bell, 7x Christian, 7x Franklin, 7x Meade, 7x Union, 6x Butler, 6x Perry, 5x Boyle, 5x Carter, 5x Greenup, 5x Logan, 5x McLean, 5x Rowan, 5x Trigg, 4x Adair, 4x Allen, 4x Harlan, 4x Lawrence, 4x Mercer, 4x Pulaski, 4x Russell, 4x Shelby, 3x Clay, 3x Garrard, 3x Grayson, 3x Harrison, 3x McCreary, 3x Metcalfe, 3x Monroe, 3x Morgan, 3x Nicholas, 3x Simpson, 3x Taylor, 3x Wayne, 3x Woodford, 2x Breathitt, 2x Breckinridge, 2x Clark, 2x Edmonson, 2x Elliott, 2x Fleming, 2x Floyd, 2x Fulton, 2x Grant, 2x Henry, 2x Jackson, 2x Johnson, 2x Knox, 2x Leslie, 2x Lewis, 2x Lincoln, 2x Magoffin, 2x Martin, 2x Pike, 2x Powell, 1x Anderson, 1x Ballard, 1x Bath, 1x Clinton, 1x Crittenden, 1x Cumberland, 1x Green, 1x Hancock, 1x Knott, 1x Livingston, 1x Lyon, 1x Mason, 1x Menifee, 1x Owsley, 1x Rockcastle, 1x Trimble, 1x Washington
So a number of those counties haven't necessarily been in the double digits in the last several weeks but again, COVID is everywhere and it doesn't take much to have an outbreak where we see a county then for, about a week, in those double digits
Total tests conducted: 1,592,037 (PCR: 1,500,613, Serology: 62,645)
Positivity Rate: 4.10% - Our positivity rate though continues to stay certainly under 5% and actually creep down a little bit to 4.1%. Now there were some questions the other day on positivity rate, we're going to talk about it in detail next week, but I had a chance to clarify, with the Department for public health, and they are different data streams than the number of cases that come in. The number of cases are cases that have gone through the local health department, they have an individual name and person associated with them. The positivity rate is calculated by the reports from labs that come in, the total numbers they have plus the numbers of positives that they send in, but we're gonna break that down for you next week and also show how we have been following kind of the total numbers that we have with what's reported electronically, and they are tracking very very closely to where we have real confidence in in this number.
Total hospitalized: 5,814
Currently hospitalized: 701
Total in ICU: 1,562
Currently in ICU: 174
Total recovered: 13,113
New deaths today: 11 - Tough day today in terms of Kentuckians lost. We're reporting 11 Kentuckians who have died at least, in part, to COVID-19. Again with the high number of cases we're going to have high numbers of deaths even with the mortality rate decreasing, it's still at a significant level compared to anything we normally deal with.
Total Deaths: 1,234
New deaths by county: 62 F Bell, 95 F Boyd, 60 F Bullitt, 80 F Fayette, 85 F Jefferson, 63 F Jefferson, 58 M Jefferson, 65 M Lincoln, 86 F Scott, 83 M Scott, 31 M Warren
There are certainly other health conditions that that individual was dealing with, but COVID-19 was certainly an impact on his passing. That's 11 Kentucky families so please be there for them, show your empathy, be the great Kentuckian that we are, light your homes up green because you never know who's driving by it that part of the night, or that part of the morning. That may just help them know that you're out there and supporting them. And Let's make sure we continue to ring those bells at 10am every morning. If you know any of these families, please reach out. Tell them you care about them, tell them they're not alone if they need somebody to talk to, you're there. We've been there for each other, thus far through this. I know that we will continue.
Racial breakdown of all cases: 79.42% Caucasian, 12.42% Black or African-American, 1.61% Asian, 6.03% Multiracial
Ethnicity breakdown of all cases: 90.10% non-Hispanic and 9.90% Hispanic
Racial breakdown of all deaths: 83.50% Caucasian, 12.80% Black or African-American, 1.06% Asian, 2.65% Multiracial
Ethnicity breakdown of all deaths: 96.42% non-Hispanic and 3.58% Hispanic
Long Term Care Facilities (PDF): 669 new residents and 62 new staff positive from yesterday, and 5 more deaths.
The situation in our Veterans Home that we have been reporting about in Wilmore has gotten a little bit worse. We now have 33 veterans who are currently dealing with COVID-19 from that facility and 1 has recovered. So there have been 34 positive veterans in that facility. We have 10 staff that are actively fighting COVID-19, and 5 that have recovered. So that means a total of 15. 10 of the veterans that we talked about are currently at the VA getting the extra care that they need. We are marshalling all of our resources to be there for them.
- Total facilities: 339
- Total deaths: 729
- Active cases: 807 residents, 455 staff
- Total cases: 4965 residents, 3281 staff
K-12 Update (PDF):
University Update (PDF):

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Half-Ogre (race)

Series Part 2: All About TOPICAL VITAMIN C ---- L-AA & Derivatives

This post will cover topical use of vitamin c and it's derivatives.
Link to the previous post.

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Topical Use of vitamin C has been proven to be beneficial in many many studies. I am quoting all the studies I could find, and listing all the benefits as well.
Topical use of Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic Acid/Ascorbic Acid) has been proven to:

Help with the biosynthesis of collagen. - Anti - Ageing benefit.
Help in the repair of damaged skin/ skin wounds with anti-inflammatory properties - Restore skin health.
Increase the proliferation rate of fibroblasts. - Anti - Ageing benefit.
Provide greater photoprotection against UV induced photoaging, immunosuppression, and even skin cancer. - Anti - Ageing benefit, - Anti - skin cancer.
Inhibit the action of tyrosinase in melanocytes thus helps to make skin even-toned.- Helps with pigmentation.
Restore structural and functional losses in the skin architecture associated with ageing. - Anti - Ageing benefit.
Help to strengthen the lipid barrier (possibly, proven in vitro). - Restore skin health.

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There have been A LOT of studies on topical vitamin C. I have extracted and link a few I found relevant that support it benefits at THE END of this post.
There is enough evidence to believe that topically applied L-ascorbic acid is beneficial.
While most people treat Vitamin C like an acid, it's mechanism isn't exactly similar to AHA's. L-ascorbic acid is a form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) that is recognisable as vitamin C in the skin. Topical use adds to the existing concentration of Vitamin C in the skin.
Thus, once it penetrates into the skin, it cannot be washed off/neutralised. However, some actives applied togetheat the same time can change its performance/form.
L-ascorbic acid is a hydrophilic charged molecule so it doesn't easily penetrate our lipid (hydrophobic) barrier. For optimal penetration of the epidermal barrier, aqueous formulations of ascorbic acid must be at a pH which is below the pKa (4.2) of ascorbic acid itself. Thus, L-ascorbic acid must be formulated below the PH of AT LEAST 4 for it to penetrate in our skin.
Although ideally around 3-3.5 increased penetration without excessively compromising the skin barrier.
The prime concentration depends on the formulation and associated delivery method. It is a general agreement that concentration needs to be more than 8% to be bio-available and effective. According to this study, varying concentrations from 5% to 30% were applied to pig skin(similar integumentary system approach).
It was observed that vitamin C concentration was maximum at 20% and anything above 20% surprising cause depletion in tissue concentration levels. Thus anything below 8% and above 20% is usually seen to be sparse or superfluous.
There are many stability issues with L-ascorbic acid solutions. An L-ascorbic acid solution is highly unstable and is prove to oxidation to dehydroascorbic acid(DHAA) and degradation to 2,3-diketogulonate in high temperature, light, heat, high ph, presence of oxygen and catalytic amounts of metal ions. This makes the solution progressively turn in colour from clear to yellow, to deeper shades of orange as it continues to degrade.

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Now the question comes: is dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) bad for our skin?

The answer is No and Yes.
Ascorbic acid or ascorbate in its ionised form is called L-ascorbic acid. Our skin recognises L-ascorbic as ascorbic acid. Our body (and skin) also contains an oxidised form of ascorbic acid which is Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). A high amount of vitamin C found in normal skin is in the form of dehydroascorbic Acid. This study shows that DHAA penetrated faster than L-ascorbic acid even. DHAA may not necessarily be bad and can be converted back to ascorbic acid in the presence of glutathione & thiol-containing reducing agents such as cysteine, homocysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, and DTT, already present in our body. However, in the presence of water DHAA may be irreversibly hydrolysed to 2,3-diketogulonate and further degrade to Erythrulose. Erythrulose is a chemical used in fake tanning.
But “Aap Chronology Samajhiye” with this representation -

https://preview.redd.it/ipk7xxd87ar51.png?width=1306&format=png&auto=webp&s=b353acd40e51fbe1a80e72d94f3e4e2a8c771cd7
L-AA is first oxidised to DHAA (which can be reversed in our skin). Oxidation means a reaction with the free form of oxygen molecules. Remember we learnt this in the last post. So oxidation can happen if L-AA is exposed to UV/oxygen in the environment at high temperature. However, DHAA can be reversed to AA in our skin because the presence of network antioxidants like glutathione that's already present in your skin. Check out this diagram to understand how that works. However, when DHAA comes in contact with water it hydrolyses to 2,3-diketogulonate. Which cannot be turned back into AA due to the 5 hydrogen ring rupture. L-AA will not directly convert to 2,3-diketogulonate. It has to first oxidize then hydrolyse.2,3-diketogulonate may be further converted to other byproducts by other processes.
Lab muffin made a post on this.
It is possible that DHAA may not convert to Erythrulose in our skin.
In conclusion, there is a lot of ambiguity around oxidised L-ascorbic acid and further processed byproducts.
No studies have evaluated the benefits and side effects of these oxidised and degraded compounds.
Although, the presence of antioxidants like ferulic acid, glutathione, vitamin e, etc. has been shown to increase the stability and efficiency of L-ascorbic acid serums. These called network antioxidants because of this reason. Again check out the diagram linked above to understand more.
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To improve stability, the delivery mechanism also plays an important role. The right delivery mechanism can help prevent oxidation and conversion to other forms. Novel delivery mechanisms may also improve penetration along with stability. New delivery mechanisms to deliver L-AA without oxidizing are bein developed. This study advocates using liposomal technology patented by Sesdema to deliver sodium ascorbate deeper into the skin. Many skincare companies are developing new anhydrous bases to disperse L-AA to prevent oxidation. Here is another study of a new delivery mechanism.
However, an independent comparative study comparing different forms and delivery mechanisms of topical ascorbic acid has not been conducted.
So in conclusion:

For L-ascorbic acid formulations in an aqueous:
- Must be formulated to be below PH 3.5 or below.
- Must be formulated using oxygen-impermeable packaging and stored at low temperature.
- Must be at a concentration above 5-8% and below 20%.
- Addition of other antioxidants can help improve the stability of the formulation.
- Must be stored in a dark/light-proof packaging at a stable temperature of 25 celsius or below.
- Must be used up quickly once exposed to ailight.
- Addition of penetration enhancers may help improve results.

For L-Ascorbic acid in a Non-aqueous solution:
- Must be formulated using oxygen-impermeable packaging and stored at low temperature.
- Addition of other antioxidants can help improve the stability of the formulation.
- Must be stored in a dark/light-proof packaging.
- Performance varies with the efficiency of delivery mechanisms.

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Owing to these stability, penetration and delivery issues with L-Ascorbic acid formulas, new derivatives of Ascorbic acid were developed.
Now my field of experience is not even remotely linked to bio-chemistry so I am not going to go in detail about the biochemical pathways that are hypothesised for their efficiency. I will, however, try to compare popular derivates and their performance/properties in brief based on information available on the internet.
A comparative analysis of various Vitamin C Derivatives
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Let's be honest that picking one among the sea of options is intimidating. Fairly, it comes down to personal preference and availability.
While choosing though there are certain things you should keep in mind. Only L-ascorbic acid has been studied for over 40 years now and has consistently proven to be advantageous topically.
Due to its highly unstable nature,

It is best to keep all your water-based L-AA carefully protected. I
Ideally, they should be stored in a place with a stable temperature (in the fridge) and away from light. The smaller the quantity size the better.
Once oxygen touches the formula it starts to become unstable and turn yellow, making it very important to screw the lid tightly. The more product you use; the more the leftover product oxidises. Some people recommend transferring them in smaller bottles. I, apart, found that it gets tiresome to clear, sanitize bottles and dry old bottles ever. Any remains of LAA will oxidize and adding fresh batch in oxidised bottled can spoil the new batch.

Using waterbased L-AA requires some commitment and care. I love the effects though. Personally, I will walk the mile for those benefits.
Anhydrous variants are another great option. There are some limitations with anhydrous versions as well though***.*** Since AA is acidic and gritty in itself, these formulas can sting and sensitize your skin. Many people break out while using high concentration L-AA for the first time. Its highly acidic nature can compromise the skin barrier. It's best to start with a lower concentration and gradually make your skin acquainted to L-AA. This can also be achieved by using L-AA a few times a week in the start and adding barrier healing skincare products to your regime.
Most people experience a slight stinging when they use L-AA based products. There is a difference between stinging and burning although. If your skin feels like it's burning, it's best to step back, stop use and choose a diluted version/low concentration formula.
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The question comes: How to differentiate between stinging and burning?

Stinging is a sharp, short term, tingling sensation associated due to the low ph. It can last anywhere from a few seconds to a minute. Skin doesn't itch, turn red or feel sensitive to touch post that duration. This sensation may be experienced every time you apply L-AA but the intensity may reduce over the period.
Burning is a strong irritation that feels different from tingling. It is a strong discomfort which may be coupled with redness, itching and touch sensitivity. It basically feels like your skin is on fire. Please immediately wash your face with water to wipe off remains of the product and apply soothing, gentle products containing restorative ingredients like aloe, snail mucin, ceramides etc.
It is best to patch test L-AA based products before applying it all over the face to understanding the way it reacts with your skin. Our mod u/avaale has made an amazingly detailed guide about patch testing. Please check it out to understand more about patch testing.
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In conclusion, L-AA may not be the best option for everyone due to its stability and skin sensitizing issues. If that is the case, you can still get some benefits by incorporating vitamin c derivatives. There is a catch though. Not all derivates are equal and not enough comparative studies have been conducted to conclude which one is the most superior form.
However, by understanding the nature of the ingredient coupled with the anecdotal evidence we can understand a few things:

Some derivates are lipophilic/ amphiphilic so they dissolve better in lipid formulations. These formulations may include oils, butter and silicones.
While each formulation differs from another due to the choice of base ingredients. Some base lipids may be balanced to reduce the likeliness of comedogenicity and therefore may be less likely to cause breakouts in acne-prone skin type. Others may not suit your skin type.
The concentration of active ingredient plays equally an important role.

Pick a formula that works with your skin type, condition and goal.
- Concentrations at which Ascorbyl palmitate ( AA-PAL) is used are extremely low. While vitamin C has shown some effects at concentrations as low as 1% but at the benefits of that concentration aren't hugely significant. When using derivatives in those concentrations, keep in mind that the derivative needs to convert to Vitamin C in your skin and some strength may be lost in the conversion. Coupling that with its stability issues, Ascorbyl palmitate doesn't catch my interest.
- Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate (SAP) & Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate (MAP) are more stable than AA-PAL but face the same roadblocks when it comes to formulating restrictions on concentration. Poor penetration and unreliable conversion don't benefit their case point. However, if acne is a pre-existing condition that you are dealing with, SAP may be an option to consider since there are some studies that support its anti-acne benefits. MAP is generally considered a better option in the industry than SAP from the overall vitamin C benefit perspective.
- Ascorbyl Glucoside is a better option than the ones I discussed above. It is stable at a variety of pH. Thus, it can comfortably be used by with sensitive skin. It can be incorporated in a liquid wateserum-based or formulated in a cream/gel base. It has been proven to convert into vitamin C in the skin and has been proven to have some anti-ageing benefits. However, potency is still questionable due to concentration restrictions. If you prefer easy of use and elegant- textured cosmetic products, this derivative may be considered.
- Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is a newer derivative. It has not been independently researched much. There is this one study in a formula that also contained AA, which advocates it's benefits. In general, this derivative is unique due to its chemical structure and properties. Manufacturer claims suggest that it seeps in deeper into the skin than L-AA and stays in the skin 40-80% longer than L-AA. ( I am not sure if I can link/upload manufacturer documents I found through some sources and digging so if you are curious, watch out for my Instagram stories). Overall this ingredient is popular in Japan for its whitening properties and its lipid solubility puts it in an advantageous position to penetrate through the stratum corneum into the epidermis and the dermis. There is some anecdotal evidence that supports the claim that it may be one of the best derivatives out there. I also found some very expensive luxury skincare brands using this ingredient (will be sharing those insights on Instagram as well; May make a separate post if I am not being lazy).
- Last, but not least is 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbate. It is one of the newest kid in the lot. Experts think it's structurally the closest to AA. It is an Ethylated form of AA so it's both water and lipid-soluble. Stability tests have shown it's a very stable derivative at a PH of 5. Thus, the shelf life of EAC formulated products should be longer than others. Manufacturers and cosmetic companies claim that it provides similar benefits of L-AA is not better, without the stability issues. None of these claims has been verified although. It has shown to provide some de-pigmenting and antioxidant benefits by manufacturers in vitro trials. It can be formulated using high concentrations thus, it's another derivative to watch out for.

So, which one is perfect for you? YOU decide that.
This chart may help you come to some conclusion:

A graphical representation to make your decision easier.
Another important detail: Almost all vitamin C formulations stay in your skin for up to 72 hours. Metals like iron and copper are known to destabilize and cause unwanted biochemical reactions with AA. Thus is it best not to use copper peptide formulation with vitamin C to maximize their benefit. By not using Copper peptide, I mean not just applying them together at the same time but also not using them in the same duration. So if you wish to use copper peptide you can rotate by using it for the first 3 months of the year and next three months using vitamin C and so on.

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Some Extracts with Links to Clinical Studies/Research Journals I found relevant that support the benefit of topical application of L-AA:
23.8% L-ascorbic acid and a chemical penetration enhancer consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethyl isosorbide with iontophoresis to maximize amounts of L– ascorbic acid delivered were applied once daily, in a split-face study on twenty females (Fitzpatrick type III & IV to study the effect of Vitamin C on photoaged skin. Sixteen of 20 patients (80% experienced a score decrease of 2 or 3 grades, according to the dermatologist. Fifteen patients (75%) rated their overall satisfaction as excellent or good. Dyspigmentation, surface roughness, and fine lines on the treated side improved significantly.)) Topical 23.8% L-ascorbic acid serum is effective for the treatment of photo-aged skin and does not cause any obvious side effects. Link
A double-blind randomized trial was performed to evaluate the clinical effects and the modifications of skin relief and structure over a 6-month period of use of a cream containing 5% vitamin C (Active C®, Laboratories La Roche Posay, 92407 Courbevoie Cedex, France on photoaged skin. Twenty healthy female volunteers aged 51-59 years (mean ± SD = 55.3 ± 2.8 years, were chosen for this study. Skin regions that presented with signs of ageing, the low-neck and dorsal aspects of both forearms/ the left or right half of the upper chest and the corresponding forearm were randomly assigned to once a day application of a fingertip unit of either 5% vitamin C cream or excipient alone. Each patient received a randomized pair of identical-appearing tubes, colour-coded and labelled right or left. Among these 20 patients, 10 accepted to be biopsied on both forearms at the end of the trial, after 6 months of treatment.)) Concluded that topical application of 5% vitamin C is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for improvement in the appearance of photodamaged skin. Prolonged topical treatment with ascorbic acid, applied in an appropriate vehicle, may result in activation of a dermal synthesis of elastic fibres. - Link
Fifty female volunteers aged 30‐65 years were allocated one capsule containing vitamin C (20% w/w, vitamin E, and European raspberry (Rubus idaeus leaf cell culture extract of serum for topical application on one side of the face for 2 months, in addition to self‐use of facial skin products to evaluate the anti-ageing and brightening effects of an encapsulated serum.)) ***The study evaluated improvements in skin ageing, pigment appearance, and skin integrity but no no significant improvement of skin moisture or TEWL was observed. Link
Nineteen volunteers between age 36 to 72 years belonging to Fitzpatrick skin types I, II & III were included in a 3-month, randomized, double-blind, a vehicle-controlled study that uses a product Cellex ( L-AA serum to analyse its effect on photodamaged skin topography.) A 3-month daily regimen of topical ascorbic acid provided objective and subjective improvement in photodamaged facial skin - Link, Link
500 mL portions of vehicle; 0.5%transferulic acid; 15% L-ascorbic acid, 1% DL-a-tocopherol, and 15% L-ascorbic acid, 1% DL-a-tocopherol, 0.5%transferulic acid were applied to patches of back skin (7.5 x10cm daily for 4 days. A 1000 W solar simulator ﬁtted with a WG295 Schott ﬁlter to eliminate wavelengths less than 295 nm delivered UV radiation to the skin’s surface through a liquid light guide at an intensity of 5 mW per cm2of UVB and about 40 mW per cm2of UVA as measured by a radiometer. MED(Minimal Erythema Dose was determined as the lowest dose resulting in erythema with perceptible borders (40 mJ per cm2)of UVB). Each patch was given solar-simulated irradiation in triplicate from 2x to 10x MED at 2x MED intervals. An evaluation was carried out 24 h later. The combination of 15% L-ascorbic acid, 1% a-tocopherol, 0.5% ferulic acid provided approximately 8-fold protection and was statistically different than ferulic acid alone or the combination of vitamins C and E. - Link ; Check this if you want to learn more about MED testing.
Two different solutions were applied (2mg/cm2 to the back skin of human volunteers daily for four days. One solution was an aqueous solution containing 15% L-ascorbic acid, 1% d-tocopherol and 0.5% trans ferulic acid (C E Ferulic; the other, a vehicle control solution. On day four, solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation, passed through a WG295 Schott selective UVB band high pass filter to eliminate wavelengths less than 295 nm was administered to each patch of treated skin. The vehicle patch received 2-6x MED and the C E Ferulic patch received 2-10x MED of solar-simulated irradiation, each at 2x MED intervals. One day later, skin was evaluated by colorimeter for erythema and biopsies of 6x MED-irradiated skin were evaluated for sunburn cells. Each spot and adjacent unirradiated skin was measured in triplicate. The difference between irradiated and unirradiated skin determined the erythema. Sunburn cells were determined in formalin-fixed 8mm punch biopsy sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.) C E Ferulic provided substantial protection against erythema.) Link
Dermal papillae is the structural junction between the dermis & the epidermis. It has been observed to flatten out with age. The influence of ageing on the density of the functional entities of the papillae containing nutritive capillaries, here in terms as the papillary index, and the effect of topically applied vitamin C were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM in vivo. There were significant decreases in the papillary index showing a clear dependency on age. Topical vitamin C resulted in a significant increase of the density of dermal papillae from 4 weeks onward compared to its vehicle. Reproducibility was determined in repeated studies.) Topical vitamin C may have therapeutic effects for partial corrections of the regressive structural changes associated with the aging process. - Link
Forty subjects with melasma were treated with C'ensil during an open-label trial over a period of 16 weeks. Each subject's skin pigmentation was assessed every 4 weeks using the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI and mexameter score. In addition, transepidermal water loss, skin dryness and irritation, and quality of life (Melasma Quality of Life Scale [MelasQoL] were evaluated.)) After 16 weeks, a significant decrease was noted in the degree of pigmentation based on the patients' MASI and mexameter scores.Link
Sixteen women with idiopathic melasma were included in our trial. After randomization by another clinician, they were instructed to use, at night, 5% ascorbic acid cream on one side of the face and 4% hydroquinone cream on the other side, for 16 weeks. The best subjective improvement was observed on the hydroquinone side with 93% good and excellent results, compared with 62.5% on the ascorbic acid side (P < 0.05; however, colorimetric measures showed no statistical differences. Side‐effects were present in 68.7% (11/16 with hydroquinone vs. 6.2% (1/16) with ascorbic acid.)) Although hydroquinone showed a better response, ascorbic acid may play a role in the therapy of melasma as it is almost devoid of side-effects; - Link
The study following performed on Indian subjects.
A split face, comparative study was conducted on 30 female melasma patients. After obtaining informed consent, microneedling with Tranexamic acid was done on the left side and microneedling with Vitamin C was done on the right side of the face. The improvement was evaluated on the basis of clinical photographs, MASI, Physician Global Assessment (PGA and Patient Global Assessment (PtGA at each visit (0, 4 and 8 weeks). At the end of 8 weeks, MASI, PGA and PtGA showed improvement with both tranexamic acid and vitamin C.)) The improvement was more with tranexamic acid than with vitamin C, although not statistically significant.Both TXA and Vitamin C are effective and safe treatments for melasma. -Link Link

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Note: SORRY FOR THE LONG POST ONCE AGAIN!!
During my research, I found some really interesting Insights & Dupes for popular vitamin C formulas and products from manufacturer documents. I also cost/formula analysed Most Popular Vitamin C products. I even looked up all possible options for vitamin C in Indian markets.
I will try to share these insights on my Instagram soon and maybe make a post about my finding and whatever is left out in a follow-up post if I am not being lazy. There is still a lot to explore about Vitamin C. Look out for my upcoming Instagram stories if you are curious.
^{Note: I do not consent to anyone sharing screenshots of my posts without my approval on any social platform.}
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--Fun Fact--
The founder of SkinCeuticals Dr Sheldon R. Pinnell conducted turnkey research in the field on Vitamin C as a topical antioxidant. His first study published on topical application of vitamin C goes back to 1991. He filed his patent for Skinceutical CE ferulic in 2005. I guess that's why it remains the most coveted formulation and has been used by other researchers in various studies. It also justifies its price I guess. The good thing is that the patent is expiring in 2025! :P Till then we can only hope and pray someone invests time and research on developing more stable formulations and makes it available to consumers!
^{Murray, J.; Darr, D.; Reich, J.; Pinnell, S. Topical vitamin C treatment reduces ultraviolet B radiation-induced erythema in human skin. J. Investig. Dermatol.} ^{1991, 96, 587.}
^{Darr, D.; Combs, S.; Dunston, S.; Manning, T.; Pinnell, S.R. Topical vitamin C protects porcine skin from ultraviolet radiation-induced damage. Br. J. Dermatol.} ^{1992, 127, 24753.}
^{Phillips, C.L.; Combs, S.B.; Pinnell, S.R. Effects of ascorbic acid on proliferation and collagen synthesis in relation to the donor age of human dermal fibroblasts. J. Investig. Dermatol.} ^1994.
^{Colven, R.M.; Pinnell, S.R. Topical vitamin C in ageing. Clin. Dermatol.} ^{1996, 14, 227–234.}
^{Pinnell, S.R.; Yang, H.; Omar, M.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.; DeBuys, H.V.; Walker, L.C.; Wang, Y.; Levine, M. Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies. Dermatol. Surg.} ^{2001, 27, 137–142.}
^{Darr D, Combs S, Dunston S, Manning T, Pinnell S. “UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E”. J Am Acad Dermatol} ^{2003; 48: 866-874.}
^{Fu-Hsiung Lin 1, Jing-Yi Lin, Ravindra D Gupta, Joshua A Tournas, James A Burch, M Angelica Selim, Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere, James M Grichnik, Jan Zielinski, Sheldon R Pinnell} **²**⁰⁰⁵ ^{"Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin" Oct;125(4:826-32. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23768.x.})
^{Murray, John & Burch, James & Streilein, Robert & Iannacchione, Mary & Hall, Russell & Pinnell, Sheldon. 2008. A" topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 59. 418-25. 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.004.}

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Series Part 2: All About TOPICAL VITAMIN C ---- L-AA & Derivatives

Mise à jour - Cyber intimidation